12. Переведите с английского на русский.

1) Some people think that by free education for all one may solve all the problems of society

2) We should find means to provide all qualified staff with jobs.

3) Manual labor ought not be thought dirty or shameful.

4) We must discuss this issue in detail.

5) Every scientist must check the results of his research.

6) The car needs washing.

7) We must do as we are told.

8) The talker should remember that conservation must serve some purpose.

9) We frequently have to use reference books where we can find information we need at the moment.

10) We need not read the textbook from cover to cover.

11) To achieve progress in any subject we must discuss things.

12) It should be borne in mind that some people are afraid of having time to think, so they watch television, because they can think of nothing better to do.

13) When we are introduced to new people we should try to appear friendly.

14) Some parents think that children must be seen, not heard

15) You may wait for him if you like.

16) Might I make a suggestion?

17) What you say might be true. However we want evidence!

18) He looks sad. He must have some problems.

19) This must be the book you want.

20) This must be a mistake. I am not Professor Brown, I am Professor Gray.

21) He shall finish the work he has begun!

22) I see you are having some problems with the text. Shall I help you with it?

23) We have lost all our money. What shall we do now?

24) You shall have an answer by tomorrow.

25) You should observe all these rules!

26) Increased use of electricity may help with the problem of growing transport.

27) It seems clear that we must consider new requirements as soon as we can.

28) Many scientists think that we ought to think about solar energy.

29) The Government should do something to stop inflation.

30) We should reconsider our decision on the matter.

13. Переведите на русский язык.

1) He must have known the answer long before anyone of us.

2) He must be telling lies. Nothing of this kind has happened.

3) They look bored. The secretary must have been keeping them waiting for a long time.

4) They must be having a hot discussion in the next room. They are making so much noise that I can’t concentrate on my work.

5) He has changed his mind. He must have noticed that we don’t share his opinion.

6)There are light in their windows. John must be still working.

7) The audience is applauding. His speech must have made a strong impression.

8) He couldn’t have broken his promise.

9) Could he have deceived us?

10) They may not have relied on his help.

14. Переведите на английский.

1) Возможно, он сейчас в университете.

2) Вероятно, он был в университете утром.

3) Они, видимо, уже догадались, что он мало понимает в этом деле.

4) Он, должно быть, вышел.

5) Им не следовало заключать контракт с этими подрядчиками.

6) Тебе незачем было спрашивать об этом. Ты и так знаешь, как я к тебе отношусь.

7) Мне пришлось прочесть массу книг, когда я готовилась к докладу.

8) Вы, наверное, видели этот памятник, когда были в Амстердаме.

9) Не может быть, чтобы вы не слышали об этом.

10) Она, возможно, звонила, но меня вчера не было дома

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH.

Выражения, используемые с глаголами say, tell, ask:

Say	Tell	Ask
Say good morning/ evening etc.; say something; say one’s prayers; say a few words; say so; say no more; say for certain, etc	Tell the truth; tell a lie; tell (sb) the time; tell sb one’s name; tell a story; tell a secret; tell sb the way; tell one from another; tell sb’s fortune; tell sb so, tell the difference	Ask a favour; ask the time; ask a question; ask the price

1. Заполните пропуски глаголами say, tell или ask.

1) First the new boss .... good morning.

2) I was so shocked I didn't know what to ...

3) It's not always easy to ... the truth.

4) Can you ... me the way to the police station?

5) Now you can ... questions.

6) I can't ... you the secret. It's not mine.

7) You can't ... for certain what decision they will come to.

8) Can I ... you a favour?

Present Simple	“I study hard”, he said	Past Simple	He said (that) he studied hard.
Present Continuous	“I am studying hard”, he said.	Past Continuous	He said (that) he was studying hard.
Present Perfect	“I have studied hard”, he said.	Past Perfect	He said (that) he had studied hard.
Present Perfect Continuous	“I have been studying hard”, he said	Past Perfect Continuous	He said (that) he had been studying hard.
Past Simple	“I studied hard”, he said	Past Perfect	He said (that) he had studied hard.
Future forms (will, shall)	“I will study hard”, he said	Future in the Past (Would)	He said (that) he would study hard.
Am, Is, Are going to	“I am going to study hard”, he said.	(was, were) going to	He said (that) he was going to study hard.
Can (способность)	“I can study harder”, he said.	Could, Would Be Able to	He said (that) he could study harder.
Can (вероятность)	“I can do it tomorrow”, he said.	Would be able to	He said (that) he would be able to do it the next day.
May	“I may study harder”, he said.	Might, Could	He said (that) he might study harder.
Must (долженствование)	“I must study harder”, he said.	Had to	He said (that) he had to study harder.
Must (вероятность)	“He must be studying now”, she said.	Must	She said (that) he must be studying .
Am, Is, Are	“I am to study hard”, he said.	Was, Were	He said (that) he was to study hard.
Do ( в вопр. Опускается)	“Do you study hard enough?”, she said.	Past Simple	She asked him if he studied hard enough.
Shall (asking for advice)	“How shall I do it?” he asked.	Should	He asked how he should do it.
Needn’t	“I needn’t study hard”, he said.	Didn’t need/ Didn’t have to	He said (that) he didn’t need(have) to study hard.
Команды, приказы, просьбы	“Study hard!” she said to him.	To Infinitive	She urged him to study hard.
	“Don’t waste your time away!” she said	Not to Infinitive	She urged him not to waste his time away.
Глагол говорения	+	-Ing form	She insisted on him/ his studying hard.
This / These	“He’s been studying hard these days”, she said	That / those	She said (that) he had been studying hard those days.
Here	“Put the paper over here”, she said.	There	She told him to put the paper over there.
Tonight	“I’m seeing her tonight” she said	That night	She said (that) she was seeing her that night.
Today	“I haven’t seen her today”, she said.	That day	She said (that) she hadn’t seen her that day.
This week / month / year	“I’ve written three essays this week”, he said.	That week / month / year	He said (that) he had written three essays that week.
Now	“He is studying now”, she said.	Then, at that time, at once, immediately	She said (that) he was studying at that time.
Now that	“Now that he is a student he has to study hard”, she said.	Since	She said (that) he had to study hard since he was a student.
Yesterday	He missed a class yesterday.	The Day Before	She said (that) he had missed a class the day before.
Last week/ night/ month/ year	“He stayed up late last night”, she said	The previous week/ night/ month/ year	She said (that) he had stayed up late the previous night.
Tomorrow	“I will see you tomorrow,” he said.	The following day/ the day after	He said (that) he would see me the day after.
Next week / month/ year	“We won’t see each other next week”, she said.	The following/ next week/ month/ year	She said (that) we wouldn’t see each other the next week.
Two days / months/ years ago	“I saw her two days ago” he said.	Two days/ months/ years before	He said (that) he had seen her two days before.

Примечания:

1. В косвенной речи кавычки убираются.

2. That можно ставить, а можно не ставить утвердительном предложении.

3. Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь в прошедшей форме, все остальные глагольные формы меняются на формы прошедшего времени тоже. Это правило называется согласованием времен. Однако, формы глагола не меняются, если:

a) глагол говорения в формах настоящего, будущего или в форме Present Perfect Tense.

б) высказывание выражает общие истины, постоянные явления или события

в) если то, что сообщает говорящий, актуально и в момент высказывания

г) если предложение является сложноподчиненным с придаточным времени

д) если предложение в прямой речи в сослагательном наклонении ( Типы 2, 3 или предложение содержит фразу “I/ We/ They wish, she/ he wishes” f) if the reported sentence contains “would, could, used to, mustn’t, should, might, ought to, had better”

4. Past Perfect и Past Continuous не меняются в косвенной речи.

5. Если говорящий говорит о том, что считается правдой, глагольные формы могут изменяться или не меняться. Если говорящий считает цитируемое высказывание неправдоподобным, времена меняются согласно правило согласования времен.

6. В косвенной речи в вопросах порядок слов ничем не отличается от порядка слов в утвердительном предложении. Вспомогательные глаголы do/does и did в Present Simple и Past Simple в вопросах не используются.