гФедеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАРОДНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА и ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ СЛУЖБЫ при ПРЕЗИДЕНТЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

Аветисян к.А., Алексеева и.А.,

Вдовенко Т.В., Прияткина Е.В.

Английский язык для студентов-заочников

Санкт-Петербург

2011

От авторов

CONTENTS

Preface……………………………………………………………………………….2

Section I…………………………………………………………………………… 4

Module 1. Managing Human Resources………………………………………… 4

Module 2. Social Problems. Human Rights…………………………………….. 8

Module 3. World Economics. Customs Role……………………………………. 16

Module 4. Law Issues…………………………………………………………….. 25

Section II. Grammar…………………………………………………………….. 38

Nouns………………………………………………………………………………. 38

Pronouns…………………………………………………………………………… 40

Adjectives, Degrees of Comparison………………………………………………. 49

Verb………………………………………………………………………………… 54

Tenses………………………………………………………………………………. 55

Modal Verbs……………………………………………………………………….. 67

Direct and Indirect Speech……………………………………………………….. 73

Gerund …………………………………………………………………………….. 78

Infinitive …………………………………………………………………………… 81

Participle……………………………………………………………………………. 90

Passive Voice……………………………………………………………………….. 96

Conditionals………………………………………………………………………….101

Prepositions…………………………………………………………………………. 104

Section III. Tests.

Test 1…………………………………………………………………………………. 105

Test 2…………………………………………………………………………………. 109

Test 3…………………………………………………………………………………..114

Test 4…………………………………………………………………………………. 118

Test 5…………………………………………………………………………………..122

SECTION I.

MODULE I.

MANAGING HUMAN RESOURCES

Text 1.

Managing Human Assets.

In order for a corporation to meet its obligations to shareholders, employees, and society, its top managers must develop a relationship between the organization and employees that will fill the changing needs of both parties. At a minimum, the organization expects employees to perform the tasks assigned to them and to follow the rules that have been established to govern the workplace. Management often expects much more: that employees take initiative, supervise themselves, learn new skills, and be responsive to business needs. At a minimum, employees expect the organization to provide fair pay, safe working conditions, and fair treatment. Like management, employees often expect more, depending on the strength of their needs for security, status, involvement, power and responsibility.

Human resource management (HRM) involves all management decisions and actions that affect the nature of the relationship between the organization and employees – its human resources. General managers make important decisions daily that affect this relationship, but that are not thought of as HRM decisions: introducing new technology into the office in a particular way, or approving a new plant with a certain arrangement of production operations, each involves important HRM decisions. In the long run, both the decisions themselves and the manner in which those decisions are implemented have a profound impact on employees: how involved they will be in their work, how much they trust management, and how much they will grow and develop new competencies on the job. Deciding how fast a company should grow in response to market demand is another important HRM decision made by general managers. A decision on growth affects the stress employees will experience as circumstances change, as well as the probabilities that employees will be able to avoid obsolescence and that the organization will have employees with the required talents and skills for the future. Similarly, general management decisions concerning financing, geographic location of facilities, business strategy all have important implications for the human resources of the firm. Finally, the manager in which supervisors deal with their subordinates, particularly in the expectations they create, the feedback they provide, the trust they generate, and the responsibility they delegate, can do more than any personal policy or system to shape and reshape the employee-organization relationship. Their actions can reinforce the effective utilization of human resources by the organization; they can also undermine that effectiveness.

Words to be memorized:

Shareholder – акционер, пайщик

Employee – служащий, работающий по найму

Employer – работодатель, наниматель

Party – сторона, участник

To assign - назначать, определять

To perform, to implement – выполнять, делать

To establish – устанавливать

To govern – управлять, влиять

To supervise – контролировать, наблюдать

To provide – предоставлять, обеспечивать

Fair – честный, справедливый

Involvement – to involve - вовлеченность, участие – задействовать, вовлекать

Responsibility – ответственность, обязательство

To affect – воздействовать, влиять

To introduce – вводить, включать

Particular – particularly – особенный, частный, конкретный – особенно

To approve – одобрять, утверждать

Arrangement – систематизация, расположение, организация; договоренность; соглашение

Profound – глубокий

Impact – воздействие, влияние

Trust – доверие

Competency – способность, знания

To experience - испытывать, чувствовать, переживать

Obsolescence - устаревание, постепенное угасание, износ

Require – требовать, нуждаться

Facilities - удобства

Implications – to imply – смысл – предполагать, подразумевать

To deal with – иметь дело с…

Subordinate – подчиненный

Feedback – отклик, отзыв, обратная связь

To delegate – поручать, уполномочить

To reinforce – укреплять, усиливать

To utilize – utilization – использовать, расходовать, употреблять – использование, употребление

To undermine - подрывать основы, разрушать

Effective – effectiveness – действенный, эффективный – эффективность, результативность, производительность

In order for… to… - для того, чтобы… сделал(а) что-то

In the long run – в конечном счете

At a minimum – как минимум,

Depending on - в зависимости от

To meet obligations – чтобы выполнить обязательства

To fill the needs – чтобы удовлетворить нужды

In response to – в ответ на…

Similarly – аналогично, сходным образом, точно так же

Сoncerning – касательно, относительно

Tasks:

I. Questions:

1. What tasks does the organization expect the employees to perform?

2. What do the employees expect the employers to do?

3. What decisions do general managers make daily? Are they always thought of as HRM decisions?

4. In what way do the general managers’ decisions affect the employees?

5. How do the general managers’ actions affect the utilization of human resources by the organization.

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1. Любая корпорация должна выполнять свои обязательства по отношению к пайщикам, работающим по найму и обществу.

2. Отношения между руководством и служащими в организации должны удовлетворять нужды обеих сторон.

3. Менеджеры ожидают, что служащие, как минимум, будут выполнять поставленные перед ними задачи.

4. В зависимости от статуса, участия, способностей и ответственности потребности служащих могут быть различными.

5. Менеджеры, занимающиеся людскими резервами, ежедневно принимают решения, которые влияют на отношения между руководством и служащими организации.

6. В конечном итоге, любое решение менеджеров по персоналу оказывает глубокое воздействие на жизнь служащих организации.

7. Решение генерального руководства о географическом расположении завода имело важное значение для всего персонала.

8. Решение о финансовой политике повлияло на всю систему взаимоотношений руководства и служащих компании.

9. Аналогично, деловая стратегия компании имела мощный отклик среди служащих.

10. Решение менеджера по персоналу усилило эффективное использование людских ресурсов.

Text 2.

Managing Outflow.

The central dilemma for managers is how to balance the needs and rights of employees for employment security with the requirements of the corporation to use personnel outflow as a means of cost reductions and renewal. Research evidence and experience demonstrate that employees who become insecure because of work force reductions are less productive. On the other hand, unless corporations take extraordinary care in the selection, training, and internal movement of personnel, legislative barriers to outflow can erode competitive position. How can corporations and society obtain the benefits of employee security without incurring the costs of overstaffing and stagnation?

Lifelong Employment/ Termination for Poor Performance.

Lifelong systems guarantee employment only if performance is maintained. If performance declines, so does pay, and employees are pressured either to improve their performance or to reexamine their relationship with the company.

Lifelong Employment for a Core Group.

If a corporation cannot offer employment security to all of its employees, it may still choose to offer it to some of them. The number of employees is based on the lowest employment level economic circumstances are likely to force on the corporation.

Downward and Lateral Career Mobility.

A division manager may move down to head a function from which he or she came, or a salesperson who has been promoted to management may well welcome returning to sales again if he or she is given proper status and recognition.

Career Renewal.

Companies can encourage individuals to leave oversupplied positions and move to undersupplied positions through effective training and development programs. Job retraining for laid off employees is a variation of this concept.

Early Retirement.

By offering special financial inducements, many companies have increased the outflow of personnel they consider unable to adapt to a realignment of the firm. Usually the inducement is retirement at an earlier age without a reduction in pension.

Outplacement.

A recent survey found that 40 percent of the US companies in its sample use outplacement firms that take over immediately after a person has been terminated and help him or her launch a job search. If individuals are supported economically during the unemployment period, they may find their way to satisfying second or third careers or to organizations that fit them better.

Words to be memorized:

Security – secure – insecure – Обеспеченность, защита, охрана; – надежный, прочный, гарантированный; - неуверенный

Requirement – to require – требование, потребность; - требовать

Outflow - утечка

Cost – цена, стоимость, затраты

Reduce – reduction – сокращать, уменьшать; - сокращение

Renew – renewal – возобновлять; - возобновление

Evidence – to evidence – свидетельство; - свидетельствовать

To erode – erosion - разрушать, ослаблять; - разрушение

Competition – competitive – конкуренция; - конкурентоспособный, соревновательный

Benefit – beneficial – преимущество, выгода; – благотворный; выгодный, полезный, прибыльный

To incur – подвергаться; следовать из, вытекать

Staffing – overstaffing – кадровое обеспечение; – переполненность, раздутый штат

Stagnation - застой

Pressure – to pressure – давление, воздействие; – оказывать давление

To encourage – поощрять, вдохновлять, воодушевлять, побуждать

To supply – oversupply – undersupply – снабжать; – поставлять слишком много; – поставлять недостаточно

To lay off - увольнять

To retire- retirement – уходить на пенсию, увольняться по старости; – уход на пенсию

Concept - понятие, идея, концепция

Realignment – to realign - перестройка, преобразование; - перестраивать

Outplacement - трудоустройство уволенных

To launch – начинать, запускать

Survey – опрос, анкетирование, проверка

To be likely to do smth – быть склонным к …

Tasks:

I. Questions:

1. What dilemma do managers face?

2. How does employment insecurity affect employees’ labor?

3. What happens if employees’ performance declines?

4. What does the number of employees depend on?

5. How can a company move employees out of managerial positions with dignity?

6. What special financial inducements can companies use to move out the people who are unable to adapt to a realignment of the firm?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1. Управляющие персоналом должны найти баланс между правами служащих на работу и потребностью корпорации в перестройке и сокращениях стоимости производства.

2. Многие фирмы имеют раздутый штат.

3. Предприятия должны особенно следить за отбором, подготовкой и внутренней ротацией кадров.

4. Законодательство порой ослабляет конкурентоспособность предприятий.

5. Если человек работает плохо, он должен пересмотреть свои отношения с компанией.

6. Если корпорация не может обеспечить работой всех служащих, она может предложить работу ядру коллектива.

7. Иногда эффективным средством достижения равновесия между требуемым мастерством и работником является перестановка кадров.

8. Человек может уйти на пенсию или уйти на более низкую должность не теряя в зарплате.

9. Если человека поддержать в тот период, когда он остался без работы, он может построить свою карьеру на другом месте.

10. Деловая стратегия любой организации должна включать политику в отношении утечки кадров.

MODULE II.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS. HUMAN RIGHTS.

Text 1.

Migrants in Russia.

St. Petersburg police detained between 128 and 180 migrants from Central Asia on Wednesday who lived on the abandoned territory of the city’s Krasny Trugolnik rubber factory.

Police organized the raid of the plant as a part of a murder investigation.

Law enforcement officials were investigating the murder of a 47-year-old woman committed the night of August 12. The woman died in a hospital as a result of multiple blows to her head and body that she suffered from two men of Asian appearance after the three had been drinking together.

“In order to find the people who committed the crime, the investigation department of Admiralteisky district, the district’s police and migration service organized the raid,” the prosecutor’s general’s office report said. “As a result of the raid, police detained about 180 migrants who arrived from Uzbekistan and Tadjikistan.”

According to the report, the detained migrants had no jobs and were residing in unsanitary conditions on premises not equipped for living.

Meanwhile, St. Petersburg’s Federal Migration Service Board said that police detained 128 migrants during the raid, all of whom had their fingerprints taken. Only three of them did not have permission to work in Russia, the Migration Service said, Interfax reported.

Wednesday’s raid is the latest in a series of detainments of large numbers of immigrants. It was reported August 19 that Moscow police had detained more than 300 illegal migrants from Azerbaijan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The migrants were living in condemned apartment buildings on Prospect Mira and Ulitsa Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya in the center of Moscow. On the same day, migration officials confirmed that police had discovered 65 illegal migrants from Vietnam living in a forest outside of Moscow in the course of police actions on July 30 and August 6.

In recent years, Russia has become one of the biggest centers of migration in the world after the United States, according to a 2008 World Bank survey.

According to the World Bank report, about 12 million guest workers arrive in Russia annually, whereas 11 million leave Russia. Every year migrants send home more than 11 billion dollars, and experts say Russia’s dependence on migrant labor will continue to grow through the next decade.

Acсording to a report by one of the newspapers, 40 percent of migrants work in construction, 30 percent in trade, 10 percent in industry, seven percent in agriculture, five percent in transport.

Words to be memorized:

To detain – detainment – задерживать, арестовывать; – задержание, арест

Raid – внезапное нападение, облава, рейд, набег

Abandon – покидать, оставлять, бросать

Murder – убийство

To investigate – investigation – расследовать - расследование

Law Enforcement – обеспечение правопорядка, правоохранительные органы

Multiple – множественные

To commit a crime – совершить преступление

Prosecutor – обвинитель, прокурор

Premises – здание с прилегающими постройками и участком земли, недвижимость Condemned – забракованный, признанный негодным

To condemn – осуждать, обвинять

To confirm – подтверждать

In the course of – в ходе

Annually – ежегодно

To depend – dependence – зависеть – зависимость

According to – согласно, в соответствии с….

Tasks:

I. Questions:

1) Why did the police organize a raid in the Krasny Treygolnik’s premises?

2) How many migrants were detained?

3) What was the result of the raid?

4) What conditions do many migrants live in?

5) Do all of them have permission for work?

6) What countries do they come from?

7) Does Russia depend on their labour?

8) What fields do immigrants work in?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Для того, чтобы найти человека, совершившего преступление, нужно снять отпечатки его пальцев.

2) Федеральная Миграционная служба озабочена антисанитарными условиями, в которых живут многие иммигранты в России.

3) Прокуратура подтвердила, что число преступлений среди иммигрантов велико.

4) Иммигранты живут в зданиях, признанных непригодными для жилья, или в лесу, они вынуждены платить чиновникам правоохранительных органов и миграционных служб огромные деньги, чтобы получить разрешение на жительство и работу.

5) По сведениям, собранным Мировым Банком, Россия занимает второе после США место по количеству иммигрантов.

6) Такие отрасли как строительство, торговля, промышленность, общественный транспорт зависят от труда иммигрантов.

7) Ежегодно из России вывозятся около 11 миллиардов долларов.

Text 2.

Summer Workers Cheated.

The young workers came from Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America, spending their own money to get to summer resort towns desperate for labor. Many of them wound up cheated out of wages and overtime pay, working jobs that violated child labor laws or docked pay to cover room and board.

A New York state investigation last year found that nearly 200 foreign workers were cheated by several companies in an upstate resort town. The state ordered the businesses to repay the employees, plus interest, and pay fines.

Some of the companies are appealing the ruling and more than three months later, about 180 students who worked for the companies between 2002 and 2006 are still owed $103,000 in pay, interest, and fines.

Nationally, The Southern Poverty Law Center found “legal guest workers” in the US – in some cases students – are at risk for abuse and exploitation. A report issued in 2007 by the center said many workers were promised higher wages or were given fewer weeks of work than promised.

In 2006, the most recent data available from the US Department of State, about 600,000 guest workers were issued US visas, not including highly trained workers, athletes and entertainers.

In many cases workers were unable to dig out of the debt – ranging from $500 to $10.000 – incurred just to get to the United States, according to the report.

Shu-Ting “Sandy” Chang, a 22-year –old college student from Taiwan, said she travelled to St Louis in the summer of 2006 to work at a Six Flags amusement park. There, she lived with three other students in one room – instead of the two-person quarters promised to her – far from work. She and other international workers took a bus that ran twice a day – at 10.30 a.m. and 10 p.m.

“Even if we got off work in the afternoon, all we could do was wait, or people just kept working,” Chang said. She earned about $1,000 as a deep-fry cook, after her title was described as a hostess. It cost her $2,200 to get to the USA, plus rent. She described the experience as “painful”.

Elizabeth Gotway, a spokeswoman for Six Flags, said the company met with some students who approached the company with complaints and misunderstandings. “At the end of those meetings and talking with them, we were able to address all of their concerns, and if we were not able to change them or fix them, then we were able to better communicate with them and they could understand why certain things could not be changed. They are a valuable resource for us as a company, so we want them to be happy,” she said.

Words to be memorized:

Despair – desperate – отчаяние, упадок духа; – безнадежный, бесперспективный

Resort – курорт

To wind up – кончать

To cheat – обманывать

Overtime work – сверхурочная работа

To violate – нарушать, попирать

To dock – сокращать, урезать

Upstate – северная часть штата

Interest – капиталовложения, процент, доля, прибыль

Fine – взыскание, штраф, пеня

To appeal – обжаловать, подавать апелляционную жалобу

Ruling – судебное решение, постановление

Abuse – оскорбление, жестокое обращение, злоупотребление

Available – доступный, имеющийся в наличии

To dig out – находить, изыскивать, выкапывать

To issue – издавать

To incur - следовать из, подвергаться

Quarters – жилище, помещение, квартира

Rent – аренда

To approach – обращаться ( с просьбой, предложением, жалобой)

To address – принимать меры, реагировать

Tasks:

I. Questions:

1) Why did the young workers come to summer resort towns in the USA?

2) Why were they upset?

3) What was the New York state decision on the case?

4) Did all companies agree with the decision?

5) Why did the guest workers fall into debt?

6) How did Six Flags amusement center deal with the students’ complaint?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Молодежь из стран Восточной Европы, Азии и Латинской Америки ежегодно приезжает в США, чтобы заработать денег и усовершенствовать свой английский.

2) Среди «сезонных» рабочих много студентов, артистов, спортсменов и даже высококвалифицированных работников.

3) Работодатели часто обманывают своих подчиненных, платя им меньше денег и заставляя их работать сверхурочно.

4) Рабочие обратились с жалобой на руководство компании.

5) Правоохранительные органы, расследовавшие дело, обязали компанию заплатить огромный штраф и выплатить рабочим зарплату.

6) Билет в США стоил больше, чем я смогла заработать, сказала девушка из Тайваня.

7) Когда я жил в Москве, мы вдвоем жили в квартире.

8) Летом цена на аренду жилья в курортных городах гораздо выше чем зимой.

9) Представители компании заявили, что подадут апелляционную жалобу на власти

штата.

10) Власть никак не отреагировала на тревоги и жалобы населения.

Text 3.

U.S. Lacks System to Track Expired Visas.

Eight years after the Sept.11, 2001, terrorist attacks and despite repeated mandates from Congress, the United States still has no reliable system for verifying that foreign visitors have left the country.

New concern has been focused on that security loophole recently, as Hosam Maher Husein Smadi, a 19-year-old Jordanian who had overstayed his tourist visa, was accused in court of plotting to blow up a Dallas skyscraper.

Last year alone, 2.9 million foreign visitors on temporary visas like Smadi’s entered the country but never officially left. Immigration officials say, they suspect that several hundred thousand of them overstayed their visas. Over all about 40 percent of the estimated 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States came on legal visas and overstayed.

Mr.Smadi’s case had brought renewed calls from both parties in Congress for Department of Homeland Security officials to complete a universal electronic exit monitoring system.

Since the Sept.11 attacks, the immigration authorities, with more than $1 billion from Congress, have greatly improved and expanded their systems to monitor arriving foreigners. But despite congressional authorizations, there are no biometric inspections or a systematic follow-up to confirm that foreign visitors have left the US.

Homeland security officials caution that universal exit monitoring is a daunting and costly goal, mainly because of the nation’s long and busy land borders, with more than one million crossings every day. The wrong exit plan, they said, could clog trade, disrupt border cities and overwhelm immigration agencies with information they could not effectively use.

Since 2004, homeland security officials have put systems in place to check all foreigners as they arrive, whether by air, sea or land. Customs officers now take fingerprints and photographs of most visitors, instantly comparing them to law enforcement watch list data-bases.

The current system relies on departing foreigners to turn in a paper stub when they leave. But many travelers fail to check out because they do not know how to do so. Many still are believed to have overstayed intentionally.

The immigration authorities have a separate system for keeping track of foreigners who, unlike Mr Smadi, come on student visas. That system has proved effective at confirming that the students have stayed in school and do not overstay their visas.

Immigration analysts said that it remained up to law enforcement officials to thwart terrorism suspects who do not have records that would draw scrutiny before they enter the United States.

Words to be memorized:

Despite – несмотря на, вопреки чему-либо

Mandates – поручение, наказ

Reliable – to rely on – надежный, достоверный; - надеяться

To verify – подтверждать, удостоверять

Loophole – лазейка, увертка

To overstay – загоститься, просрочить ( визу)

To plot – организовывать, замышлять

To blow up – взорвать

To estimate – оценивать, подсчитать

To expand – расширять, распространять

Authorization – одобрение, санкция, разрешение

Follow-up – дополнительные данные, завершение, доработка

Daunting – пугающий, обескураживающий

Costly – дорогостоящий

Crossing – пересечение

Instantly – мгновенно, в ту же минуту

Stub – корешок билета

Watch list – список ценных бумаг или людей, за которыми ведется наблюдение

Current – действующий, текущий

To depart – отбывать, уезжать

To keep track – следить за…

Intention – intentional – intentionally – намерение; - преднамеренный, умышленный; - преднамеренно

To thwart – препятствовать, преграждать

Scrutiny - исследование, наблюдение

Clog - препятствовать, мешать

Disrupt - разрушать, подрывать

Tasks:

I. Questions:

1) What event focused the attention of the American government on the shortage of a system

verifying that foreign visitors have left the country?

2) How many visitors overstay regularly their visas in the USA?

3) How much money did the USA have to spend to monitor arriving foreigners?

4) Why is it difficult to create a system of exit monitoring?

5) What do the customs officers do to check all those who arrive in the country?

6) What is the current system of exit monitoring based on?

7) Why do many visitors fail to check out?

8) Do the immigration authorities use the same system?

9) What is the opinion of the immigration analysts on the problem of thwarting terrorism suspects?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Несмотря на множественные атаки террористов, в США нет надежной системы, преграждающей путь терроризму.

2) Проследить за потоком въезжающих и выезжающих из страны – крайне трудно.

3) Необходима система биометрических данных, чтобы найти преступника.

4) Многие люди остаются после окончания срока визы в США намеренно.

5) Число незаконных иммигрантов пугающе высоко.

6) Чтобы отследить поток беженцев необходимо улучшить систему контроля.

7) Люди, выезжающие из США сдают корешки билетов, которые они получают при въезде.

8) Теперь таможенные служащие снимают отпечатки пальцев и фотографируют

всех, кто въехал в страну.

9) Человек, подозреваемый во взрыве супермаркета, был пойман в момент пересечения границы.

10) Тщательное наблюдение может препятствовать свободной торговле.

Text 4.

Age: Seeking a Generation Balance in the Workplace

Eighty percent of ail job advertise­ments specify an age range among the requirements. In the I T a special Law — the Age Discrimination in Employ­ment Act — protects people from em­ployment discrimination based on age. American employers can neither stipu­late age preferences nor ask candidates about their age or date of birth during interviews or at any other stage. This is also true of most European countries.

According to the Russian Constitu­tion and labour code, everyone has the same right to realize their labour poten­tial. According to the law employers do not have the right to reject an application on account of the candidate’s age with the exception of pilots, astronauts, rescue workers, law-enforcement officers and other similar occupations. In reality, however, the age of a candidate often plays a role in the recruitment process, and discrimination has always existed.

Large, successful companies avoid mentioning the preferred age of a candidate in a job advertisement. But all of them prefer a person under 45. Recruitment agencies have agreed that it is difficult for good specialists to find a job once they are more than 40-45 years old. But no company ad­mits the real reason for passing over such a candidate.

“The employer who knows the law about discrimination and human rights will never mention this reason to the candidate”, said a consultant at Ancor's corporate clients department.

Such attitudes are illegal, but can be well-grounded. The question is whether it is possible to teach an old dog new tricks.

For example, in an IT company that has young staff who have informal relationships and common interests, a woman in her fifties with the required skills applying for a vacancy could cre­ate a dilemma.

"Of course she may be able to do everything that is needed in the proj­ect, but such a new employee will not fit into the team well, and her joining the staff could cause problems within the project," said the General Manager of Arcadia ++.

Age discrimination can also be a factor in the jobs that include heavy physi­cal work. Employers may not want to recruit an elderly person for such work due to the worker s health.

Not all reservations are well- founded, however.

For example, many employers are reluctant to offer a job to a woman of child-bearing age. Their explanation is that she will probably soon take mater­nity leave. In such cases, candidates can take legal action against employers sus­pected of discrimination. But not every lawyer can prove that their client is right, and candidates may fear gaining a reputation as a confrontational worker. It takes a lot of nerve and de­mands strength of mind. Recruitment agencies advise candidates to spend their time and effort looking for a dif­ferent job with a suitable corporate culture.

The shortage of qualified person­nel, however, is forcing employers to broaden the age requirements of can­didates.

"Some consulting companies make it their practice to take on recent grad­uates of higher educational institutions who have no work experience. These former students are easily taught and do not have the disadvantage of having been trained to another company's cor­porate standards," said the managing director of Inter Comp St. Petersburg.

"Of course, only companies with a developed system of teaching and training and with a well-established corporate culture can afford to do so. Other employers have to take on ready talents whatever their age," she said.

In addition, the population crisis is leading to a shortage of young employ­ees and pushing up the average age of potential workers. In Europe, employ­ees in their fifties and sixties are valued no less than their younger counter­parts. Experience has shown that com­panies that are able to overcome all age stereotypes and use opportunities to transfer experience to the younger generations will only gain from doing so.

But most long-term job hunters are still either young people with no expe­rience or skilled people in their forties.

The task facing employers inter­ested in creating effective teams is to organize production in such a way that experience and young enthusiasm work together for the same goal.

Words to be memorized:

To seek – искать

Generation – поколение

Balance –равновесие

Employer – работодатель

Application – заявление о приеме на работу

Rescue worker – спасатель

Recruitment agency – агентство по найму

Skills – навыки, умения

Shortage – нехватка, дефицит

Work experience – опыт работы

Goal – цель

Child-bearing age – детородный возраст

Tasks:

1. Questions:

1) What law protects American people from employment discrimination based on age?

2) In what spheres have employers the right to reject an application on account of the candidate’s age in Russia?

3) Is it possible to teach “an old dog new tricks”?

4) Why are many employers reluctant to offer a job to a woman of child-bearing age?

5) What is forcing employers to broaden the age requirements of candidates?

2. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Работники более зрелого возраста являются ценным источником мудрости и опыта, которые они могут передать сотрудникам нового поколения.

2) В сферах космонавтики, службы спасения, авиации имеются возрастные ограничения.

3) В компании IT очень молодой штат сотрудников, с неформальными взаимоотношениями и общими интересами.

4) В сфере тяжелого физического труда оправданы возрастные ограничения при приеме на работу.

5) Некоторым компаниям удается преодолеть все возрастные стереотипы и использовать возможности передачи опыта молодому поколению, и от этого они только выигрывают.

MODULE III.

WORLD ECONOMICS. CUSTOMS ROLE.

Text 1.

Integration and Competitiveness.

Recent research by the World Bank and others shows that participation in world trade tends to boost growth, and that countries that have integrated rapidly into the world economy also tended to record the highest growth rates. Rapidly integrating countries experienced annual GDP growth three percentage points higher than slow integrators. Integration refers to trade integration as well as openness to foreign direct investment (World Bank 1996).

This outcome should not come as a surprise. Integration brings with it exposure to new technologies, designs, and products. It also enhances competition. With world trade growth expanding more than twice as rapidly as growth of world gross domestic product (GDP) over the past decade, the potential rewards from participating in world trade are evident. Such participation is predicated on the availability of good quality products offered at competitive prices. In this regard, a trade regime that tenders low protection to domestic producers contributes to the enhancement of an economy’s competitiveness because it forces domestic producers to align their costs with those in the rest of the world. Nevertheless, an open trade regime will only foster competitiveness when other accompanying policies are in place.

Over the past 20 years, average tariffs have been cut by half in developing countries and nontariff import barriers have been sharply reduced (World Bank 1996). Yet, for many developing countries, this has not necessarily led to substantial trade integration. Worse still, the poorest countries in the world, particularly those of Sub-Saharan Africa, lost market share during the 1990s. Such events were in part brought about by the failure of developing countries to produce the types of goods that would generate the most rapid export growth. Another impediment was the maintenance by other countries of a range of import barriers to products that Sub-Saharan African countries produce, including agricultural and textile goods. Import barriers include export subsidies, high tariffs, and stringent rules of origin. A poorly functioning trade logistics environment, as well as the combination of factors that make up the transaction costs—the cost of clearing customs, transport costs, non-customs trade documentation requirements, and unenforceability of legal trade documents (World Bank 2003)—also contributed to the failure of many developing countries to integrate successfully into the world economy.

Words to be memorized:

To tend to – обслуживать, предлагать, подавать заявку (на коммерческий конкурс)

To boost –поддерживать, поднимать, повышать

Outcome – итог, последствие, результат

Exposure – подвергание какому-то воздействию, контакт

To tender – предлагать, предоставлять, оплачивать

To enhance – enhancement – увеличивать, усиливать, улучшать;– повышение, прирост, улучшение

To predicate – утверждать, заявлять

Domestic – внутренний, отечественный

To contribute – contribution – способствовать, содействовать; – пожертвование, взнос, вклад

To align – выравнивать, равняться на, поддерживать

To foster – поощрять, побуждать, стимулировать

To accompany – сопровождать, сопутствовать

Average – средний, обычный

To reduce – reduction – понижать, сокращать, уменьшать; – уменьшение, сокращение

To bring about – вызывать

Impediment – помеха, преграда, препятствие

To maintain – maintenance – поддерживать, сохранять, защищать; – сохранение, поддержка

Stringent – строгий, обязательный, точный

Origin – происхождение, источник

Transaction – сделка, соглашение, урегулирование спора путем соглашения сторон

Customs clearing – таможенная обработка

Unenforceability - отсутствие оснований для иска, невозможность быть принудительно осуществленным

Tasks:

I. Questions:

1) How does participation in world trade affect the economy of a country?

2) Does integration refer to trade integration only?

3) How does integration affect competition?

4) What trade regime enhances an economy’s competitiveness?

5) What countries lost market share during the 1990s?

6) What brought about their economic decline?

7) What do import barriers include?

8) What factors make up the transaction costs?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Объем валового внутреннего продукта стран, быстро интегрирующихся в мировую торговлю, выше чем у стран, которые медленно включаются в мировую экономику.

2) Интеграция означает не только участие в мировой торговле, но и открытость иностранным капиталовложениям.

3) Под интеграцией подразумевают открытость новым технологиям, проектам, продукции.

4) Интеграция означает доступность новой продукции высокого качества при конкурентных ценах.

5) Режим свободной торговли стимулирует конкуренцию.

6) Чтобы усилить конкурентоспособность экономики необходимо ввести такой режим торговли, который заставил бы отечественного производителя равняться на лучшую продукцию.

7) Ряд стран установили барьеры на импорт продукции из стран Южной Африки.

8) Импортные барьеры подразумевают субсидии на экспорт, высокие тарифы и строгие правила в отношении страны-производителя.

9) Таможенные барьеры также могут быть помехой для интеграции в мировую торговлю.

Text 2.

Customs today.

The increases in world trade of recent decades have placed increasing demands upon customs. In 2002, over US$10 trillion worth of goods crossed international borders. Every shipment passed through customs control at least twice, once on export and once on import, making customs a key factor in the international supply chain and in the global economy. Customs needs to adjust to new ports of entry and additional hours of service, and their job is made more complex by a number of regional and bilateral trade agreements. Frequently, there is no corresponding increase in customs staffing and resources to keep pace with the increased workload and more complex environment. Often, customs is not provided with the technological resources to facilitate and secure international supply chains, to keep pace with the billions of dollars spent by industry.

Faced with these challenges, many customs administrations struggle to meet all of these demands and priorities. Often, they focus on revenue collection and ad hoc priorities that are championed by the most vocal and influential interest groups. Some, however, strive to meet these challenges head on, and revisit how their administrations are designed and how they function.

In view of customs’ unique position at a country’s borders, its management must satisfy both domestic and international constituencies. On the international front travelers, businesses, and international air, sea, and land carriers expect services that are uniform, predictable, easy to use, and consistent with international standards and conventions. Organizations such as WCO, the WTO, UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), UN Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (CEFACT), and UNCTAD have set standards for the most critical customs functions. The most important ones are the following:

1) The Revised Kyoto Convention (International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures) provides the framework for processing goods in international commerce.

2) The International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System provides the framework for classifying all merchandise in international trade.

3) The Agreement on Customs Valuation (ACV) provides the framework for determining the customs value of goods in international trade.

4) The Agreement on Rules of Origin is the WTO initiative to develop a system for standardizing the rules of origin of internationally traded goods.

Words to memorize:

Bilateral – двусторонний

Chain – цепь, система, сеть

To adjust – приспосабливаться, подгонять

Revenue – государственные доходы; выручка

Ad hoc – устроенный для данного случая; случайный, спонтанный

Head on – держать курс на

To revisit – пересматривать, перерабатывать

Constituency – клиентура

Consistent with – совместимый, согласующийся

Carrier – перевозчик, курьер

Predictable – предсказуемый

To process – оформлять документы, обрабатывать информацию

Framework – структура, система взглядов, рамки

Merchandise – товары

Commodity – товар, продукт для продажи

Tasks:

1. Questions:

1) What does customs need to adjust to?

2) What factors make its job more complex?

3) How do customs administrations struggle to meet new demands?

4) What problems do many of them face?

5) What international organizations have set standards for the most critical customs functions?

6) What are these functions?

2. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Рост международной торговли предъявляет все более и более требований к таможенным службам.

2) Таможня играет ключевую роль в международной сети поставок и глобальной экономике.

3) Множество двусторонних и региональных торговых договоров усложняют работу таможни.

4) Очень часто таможенным службам не хватает персонала и ресурсов, чтобы справиться с растущей нагрузкой.

5) Технические ресурсы могли бы помочь ускорить и усовершенствовать сеть международных поставок.

6) Часто таможенные службы видят свою главную задачу в пополнении государственных доходов.

7) Многие таможенные управления пытаются справиться с новыми задачами, пересматривая структуру своих служб.

8) На международном уровне пассажиры, бизнесмены, перевозчики грузов по воздуху, морю и суше предполагают, что им придется столкнуться с обслуживанием, которое будут вести по международным стандартам.

9) В свете своей специфической роли на границе таможня должна удовлетворять требования как своего государства так и международной общественности.

10) Новый договор в Киото предусматривает единую систему обработки товаров в мировой торговле.

Text 3.

Human resources in Customs Management.

Good management of human resources is probably the single most important issue that affects the efficiency and effectiveness of customs, irrespective of its organizational structure.

This cannot be overemphasized as all aspects of customs management and customs clearance, including the application and maintenance of modern information technology (IT), will require that staff is qualified to operate the existing systems efficiently and to prepare the existing services for the introduction of new processes and techniques. In doing so, staff must be attuned to developments in international trade logistics and must adjust to shifts in emphasis with respect to customs mandate.

Historically, customs work consisted of the manual labor of inspecting cargo, vessels, and passengers, and patrolling long stretches of border between ports of entry. Customs management was close to higher ranking government officials, while its staff was often poorly educated, trained, and compensated. This arrangement undermined professionalism and integrity in customs.

Increasingly, government services are being held to higher standards. The imperatives of a globalized economy on customs have become clear. A modern customs administration, responsible for protecting and representing the government at its country’s borders and points, must use a professional workforce and an enabling technology to accomplish its mission. Managing human resources at customs can be broken down into several phases:

* Defining the desired staff profile.

Some of the major services required of customs, and the professional qualifications essential to fulfilling these requirements, include (a) enforcement of domestic laws and regulations at borders; (b) implementation of modern customs clearance processes; (c) maintenance of open communications with the trading community; (d) enforcement of laws relating to intellectual property rights, security, drug trafficking, and, eventually, labor and human rights; (e) collection and dissemination of international trade statistics; (f) management of customs’ human resources

* Establishing a recruitment process that ensures that customs has the desired staff on board.

* Training incumbent staff to maintain skill levels

* Ensuring that the compensation package enables customs to motivate and retain staff

* Ensuring that poor performance and integrity failures are promptly sanctioned

Words to be memorized:

To overemphasize – придавать чрезмерное значение

Application – применение, использование

Attuned to – подготовленный, приспособленный

Adjust – улаживать, приспосабливаться

Manual – ручной, физический

Vessel – корабль, судно

Stretch – участок, отрезок, пространство; период

Rank – to rank – высокое социальное положение; – занимать высокое социальное положение

Integrity – честность

Increasingly – все более и более

Imperatives – задачи, обязательства

To enable – enabling – давать возможность – облекающий правом, уполномачивающий

To accomplish – совершать, выполнять, достигать

Profile – характеристика, облик, совокупность параметров

Drug trafficking – контрабанда наркотиков

Eventually – в конце концов, в конечном итоге

Dissemination – рассеивание, распространение

Recruitment – набор, наем, вербовка

Incumbent – занимающий должность

Failure – неспособность, неудача, провал

Promptly – быстро, сразу, прямо

Tasks:

I. Questions:

1) What does effective customs management require from its staff?

2) What did customs work involve in the past?

3) What factors undermined professionalism and integrity of customs workers?

4) What is a customs administration responsible for?

5) What phases can managing human resources at customs be broken into?

III. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Управление персоналом влияет на эффективность работы таможни, независимо от ее организационной структуры.

2) Использование и поддержание современных информационных технологий требует от таможенных служащих умения эффективно использовать эти технологии.

3) Таможенные служащие должны соответствовать требованиям, которые предъявляют к ним изменения в международной логистике.

4) В прошлом работа таможенника заключалась в физическом досмотре грузов и патрулировании тех участков границы, где возможно проникновение.

5) По своему социальному положению начальники таможенной службы были равны высокопоставленным правительственным чиновникам.

6) Однако, таможенные служащие были плохо образованы, плохо обучены и низко оплачиваемы.

7) Необходимо обучать персонал тем навыкам, которые от них требует занимаемая должность.

8) Бесчестность и нерадивое исполнение своих обязанностей должны немедленно подвергаться наказаниям.

9) Выполнение профессиональных обязательств требует от таможенников защиты интеллектуальных прав, безопасности, трудовых прав и прав личности.

10) Препятствование контрабанды наркотиков представляет одну из самых важных задач таможни сегодня.

Text 4.

The European Union and the European Community: The Basic Facts.

What we now call the European Union started out as a Community of six in the 1950s: France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. In 1973 Denmark, Ireland and the UK acceded; Norway signed a Treaty of Accession, but did not join when membership was rejected by popular vote in a referendum. Further expansion occurred in 1980 with the accession of Greece, and in 1986 with the accession of Spain and Portugal, creating a Community of twelve. De facto expansion occurred onсe again in 1990, with the unification of Germany bringing the former German Democratic Republic into the Community, although not as a separate member. The most recent accession process was completed at the beginning of 1995, with Austria, Finland and Sweden becoming members. Once again the people of Norway declined through a referendum vote to take up the opportunity of membership negotiated for them by their government. In 2000, with fifteen Member States and eleven official languages, the EU had a population of just over 375 million, a GDP of over 8 billion euro and the highest share of world trade in terms of imports and exports of goods and services; all of this makes it a leading global economic and – potentially – political actor (Eurostat, 1999).

Enlargement, especially towards the east but also in the area of the Mediterranean, is a central preoccupation within the EU at present. The defining date was 1989, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the later break up of the Soviet Union. There are numerous candidates for membership at present. In a first group of countries, with accession negotiations in progress since 1998 are Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. In late 1999, there was a fundamental reappraisal of priorities in the wake of the Kosovo crisis. The violent consequences of the break-up of the former Yugoslavia generally, and the impact of the bombing of Serbia and Kosovo, in particular, including the need for physical and political reconstruction in the wake of the NATO action, have all brought home the costs in economic and human terms of not enlarging the EU. The costs relate to the persistence of political instability and insecurity within the continent of Europe, close on the borders of the EU. The EU – in the form of the Heads of State and Government acting on the advice of the Commission – therefore took the decision in December 1999 to start accession negotiations in early 2000 with a further group of six countries (Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania and Slovakia). Only with Turkey, among the group of countries which have formally applied for membership, has the EU yet to start accession negotiations, although it is now recognized as a candidate country for which a pre-accession strategy has been formulated.

The term “European Community” was the designation commonly used up to the end of 1993 for a political entity, composed of a number of distinct legal entities with separate international legal personality, which came to be generally identified as a single unit.

Words to be memorized:

To accede - присоединяться

Treaty of Accession – договор о присоединении

To reject – отвергать

Vote – голос

To occur – происходить

Former – бывший

To complete – осуществлять

To decline – приходить в упадок, потерпеть фиаско

To negotiate – договариваться

Share – доля

Enlargement – расширение

Preoccupation – преобладание

Fall – падение

Break up – раскол

Reappraisal – переоценка

Wake – осознание

Consequences – последствия

Impact – влияние

Costs – затраты

Persistence – сохранение

Close – рядом

Border – граница

To recognize – признавать

Designation – определение

Entity – сущность, объединение

Tasks:

I. Answer the questions:

1) What did the European Union start out in the 1950s?

2) What kind of further expansion occurred in 1980?

3) What events happened in Germany and in the Soviet Union in 1989?

4) What decision did the EU take in December 1999?

5) What is the status of Turkey as related to the EU at present?

II. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:

1) Фактическое расширение Европейского Союза произошло снова в 1990 году с входом в Сообщество бывшей ГДР.

2) И вновь норвежское правительство потерпело фиаско на референдуме в попытке добиться членства Норвегии в ЕС.

3) В настоящее время огромное количество кандидатов стремится попасть в ЕС. Среди них Кипр, Чешская Республика, Эстония и другие.

4) ЕС в лице глав государств и правительств, действующих по указанию Комиссии, начали переговоры в начале 2000 года о принятии еще 6 стран Европы в свой состав.

5) «Европейское Сообщество» означает политическое объединение, состоящее из ряда отдельных правовых единиц со своими международными правовыми особенностями.

Text 5.

As a body based on international agreements between sovereign states, the EU is in many senses a creature of international law; however, the Member States have endowed its institutions with uniquely far-reaching powers for the achievement of the objectives contained in the Treaties. It is now often described as a “polity”, an unspecific term for a political entity, or a “polity-in-the making”. The EU has a distinctive institutional structure, which operates across the three pillars on the basis of the principle laid down in Article 3 TEU and builds on the original institutional framework of the three Communities. In the first fifty years of its existence, the main legislative role has been fulfilled by the Council of the European Union which is composed of representatives of the Member States at ministerial level. The Member States are also represented in the European Council, a summit conference of Heads of State and Government who meet at least twice yearly to give overall policy direction to the EU. The European Parliament, while it is now directly elected by universal franchise and is therefore representative of the people, has fewer powers in the legislative field than the Council, and its role ranges between that of a consultative assembly in some policy areas and a full co-legislator in some fields. It is also the co-budgetary authority with the Council. The role of the European Commission within the EU is sometimes exaggerated by Member States hostile to extensions of the EU’s competences; in fact, the Commission’s role is limited to initiating policy, implementing measures adopted by the Council and ensuring that Member States fulfill their obligations under the Treaties. It is in a sense the civil service of the EU, but in many respects it is dependent upon national administrations for the actual day-to-day implementation of the policies of the Union. It is not a fully fledged executive or government. Moreover, like the European Parliament, the Commission continues to have a more restricted role in the two intergovernmental pillars of the EU, concerned with foreign policy and some areas of cooperation in home affairs.

The fourth institution is the Court of Justice which has the task under Article 220 TEU of ensuring that the law is observed. It has been assisted since 1989 by a Court of First Instance, creation of which was provided for in the Single European Act. The Court has been responsible for developing the EU legal system in ways that were doubtless not imagined by the founders of the Treaties. Much of Part V will be concerned with explaining in detail these features which distinguish the European Union from an “ordinary” international organization, and which make the legal system operating in particular in relation to the “Community” or “first” pillar more akin to that of federal state. This point will be sketched out initially in the overview of the EU legal order in 1.5. The Court has also been active in ensuring that within the “Community” pillar itself the rule of law is applied, but it has been hitherto almost entirely excluded from exercising a judicial function within the second and the third pillars. However, while it continues to play no role in relation to CFSP, since the transformation of the third pillar by the Treaty of Amsterdam from Cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs to Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters, the Court now enjoys a restricted role in that field under Article 35 TEU.

Words to memorize:

Body – орган

Sense – смысл

Creature – создание

To endow – облекать властью

Far-reaching – далеко распространяющийся

Treaty – договор

Entity – сущность, объединение

Framework – рамки

Existence – существование

To fulfill – выполнять

To compose – составлять

At least – по меньшей мере

Franchise – право

Co-budgetary – с общим бюджетом

To exaggerate – преувеличивать

Hostile – враждебный

To ensure – гарантировать

Respects – отношения

Implementation – выполнение

Full-fledged – полноправный

Restricted – ограниченный

To concern - касаться

Single – единый

Doubtless – несомненно

To distinguish – отличать

Akin – схожий

Hitherto –до сих пор

TEU – Treaty of the European Union – Договор Европейского Союза

Tasks:

I. Answer the questions:

1) What kind of body is the EU?

2) How can you explain the term “polity”?

3) What is the Commission’s role limited to?

4) What is the task of the fourth institution? 5) What information will Part V contain?

II. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:

1) Европейский Союз имеет отчетливую казенную структуру, которая опирается на три столпа на базе принципа заложенного в части 3 Договора Европейского Союза

2) Страны – участницы также представлены в Европейском Совете. При этом конференция глав государств и правительств, которые встречаются не менее 2 раз в году, происходит для того, чтобы сообщить указания Европейскому Союзу.

3) Роль Европейской Комиссии внутри Европейского Союза иногда преувеличена странами-участницами, враждебно относящимися к расширению компетенций Европейского Союза.

4) Суд отвечает за развитие правовой системы Евросоюза, что, несомненно, не предполагалось учредителями соглашения.

5) Суд также твердо гарантирует соблюдение законных прав внутри Сообщества.

MODULE IV.

LAW ISSUES

Text 1.

CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CASES

Crime is a violation of a law that forbids or commands an activity. Such crimes as murder, rape, arson are on the books of every country. Because crime is a violation of public order, the government prosecutes criminal cases.

Courts decide both criminal and civil cases. Civil cases stem from dis­puted claims to something of value. Disputes arise from accidents; contrac­tual obligations, and divorce, for example.

Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an English criminal court may force a defen­dant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution. But the victim of the crime pur­sues his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action.

Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems, in­cluding the English, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution against another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil actions, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals.

Some courts, such as the English Magistrates Courts and the Japanese Family Court, deal with both civil and criminal matters. Others, such as the English Crown Court, deal exclusively with one or the other.

In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant. A criminal case against a person called Ms. Brown would be described as "The People vs. (versus, or against) Brown" in the United States and "R. (Regina, that is, the Queen) vs. Brown'* in England. But a civil action between Ms. Brown and Mr. Smith would be "Brown vs. Smith" if it was started by Brown, and "Smith vs. Brown" if it was started by Mr. Smith.

Evidence from a criminal trial is not necessarily admissible as evidence in a civil action about the same matter. For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of careless driving. He still has to prove his case in a civil action. In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial.

Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main ar­gument in a civil court is about the amount of money, or damages, which the defendant should pay to the plaintiff.

Words to be memorized:

Violation – нарушение закона

Forbid – запрещать

Rape – изнасилование

Arson – поджог

Claim – иск

Defendant – ответчик, подсудимый, обвиняемый

Fine – штраф

Victim – жертва

Pursue – предъявлять иск, преследовать

Plaintiff – истец

Damage – ущерб

Tasks:

I.Questions:

1) What is crime?

2) What kind of cases do courts decide?

3) Are criminal and civil procedures similar?

4) How is the party bringing a criminal action called in Anglo-American law?

5) Are civil actions usually started by individuals or the state?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Преступление – это нарушение закона и государственного порядка.

2) Суды рассматривают уголовные и гражданские дела.

3) Во многих странах существует четкое различие между гражданской и уголовной процедурой.

4) Иск по уголовному делу почти всегда начинает государство.

5) В Англо-Американском праве сторона, предъявляющая уголовный иск, т.е. государство, во многих случаях, называется обвинением, а сторона, предъявляющая гражданский иск – истцом.

Text 2.

Parisian art treasures prove tempting

PARIS

(BY DOREEN CARVAJAL)

A lone hooded intruder who squirmed through a broken window and evaded security alarms stole five paintings by Picasso, Matisse and other artists overnight Wednesday from the Paris Museum of Modern Art.

The brash theft was valued at about €90 million to €100 million, or $111 mil­lion to $124 million.

Museum officials discovered the theft shortly before 7 a.m. Thursday, and said they had captured video images of the black-clad burglar as the intruder stole into the museum's Art Deco building, which sits across from the Eiffel Tower.

The burglary — which triggered no electronic alarms — raised fresh ques­tions about museum security in the French capital. Last summer, a thief snatched a red sketchbook of 33 Picasso drawings from the Picasso Museum while it was undergoing renovations.

Security alarms did not sound in that case, either.

On Thursday, the site of the heist was closed to visitors and cordoned off by in­vestigators. A simple notice was posted on its heavy double doors, blaming the closing for "technical reasons."

The stolen works, part of the mu­seum's permanent collection, were "Dove With Green Peas" by Picasso, "La Pastorale" by Matisse, "Olive Tree Near Estaque" by Georges Braque, "Woman With a Fan" by Amedeo Modigliani and "Still Life With Chan­deliers" by Fernand Leger.

The stature of the paintings would make them difficult to sell in the art market, raising questions about wheth­er the theft was a form of kidnapping to demand ransom from the museum.

Police and museum officials said little about the security failure, particularly whether the alarm system had malfunc­tioned or had been disabled.

The French newspaper Le Parisien quoted an unidentified source from the museum who claimed that the security alarm had not worked for two months, and that the management had been notified of the problem. But Christophe Girard, deputy mayor of culture for Paris, told reporters that the museum was equipped with security alarms, and that three armed guards patrolling the mu­seum on Wednesday night had not no­ticed anything amiss.

"We must leave it to the police to de­termine how the security system was evaded," Mr. Girard said.

The theft, he added, was carried out "by one or more individuals, obviously very organized," who entered by break­ing a window at the rear of the east wing of the Palais de Tokyo, which houses the museum.

Police officers carried out the original frames left behind by the burglar to search for fingerprints, passing them through the broken shards of a museum window. According to authorities, sur­veillance images show a hooded in­truder, dressed in black, who smashed through a window and then used bolt cutters to remove a grid, Bertrand.

Delanoe, the mayor of Paris, said the theft "is an intolerable attack on the universal cultural heritage of Paris." He announced that the museum, which is owned by the city, would remain closed while the investigation continues.

Words to be memorized:

Tempting - искушение

Art treasures – сокровища искусства

Security alarm – охранная сигнализация

Theft – кража

Burglar – вор-взломщик

Snatch – хватать

Sketchbook – альбом

Investigator –следователь

Ransom – выкуп

Failure – (зд.) авария

Deputy mayor - заместитель мэра

Amiss – плохой

Evade – избегать

Fingerprints – отпечатки пальцев

Hood – капюшон

Cutter – режущий инструмент

Grid – решетка

Heritage – наследие

Tasks:

1. Questions:

1) What happened at the Paris Museum of Modern Art?

2) Why didn’t the security alarm sound?

3) How did the intruder get into the museum?

4) Were the frames left behind by the burglar?

5) What did the surveillance images show?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Взломщик в капюшоне проник через разбитое окно в парижский музей современного искусства.

2) Охранная сигнализация почему-то не сработала.

3) В четверг, пока работали следователи, на тяжелые двойные двери музея повесили простую табличку “Закрыто по техническим причинам”.

4) Украденные работы были сокровищами из постоянной коллекции музея.

5) Мэр Парижа заявил, что музей будет закрыт на всё время ведения следствия.

Text 3.

Shoplifting Height of Fashion As Crisis Continues

Retail chains are seeing an increase in shoplifting, but do not seem to be in a hurry to spend more on their security systems.

The incidence of shoplifting at Lenta stores increased by 33 percent during the first half of 2009 compared to the same period last year, according to the supermarket chain's press ser­vice. The press service of X5 group said that shoplifting had risen by 66 percent in its local Pyatyorochka stores, by 18 percent in Perekryostok stores, and by 10 percent in Karusel stores.

A representative of a clothing retail company said that the volume of thefts had risen and the resulting losses amounted to two to three percent of the company's turnover. The gen­eral director of the Bukvoyed bookstore chain said he had also noticed an in­crease in shoplifting, and that his stores were seeing more amateur thieves than previously. The security department of X5 said that it was mainly expensive goods being stolen with the aim of sell­ing them on in smaller shops, rather than for personal use.

A representative of Lenta said that shoplifters tend to go for coffee, expen­sive kinds of sausage, caviar, cognac and vodka, and that the theft of non­food items such as clothes, multimedia and cosmetics had become twice as common. He said that thieves were of­ten groups of two to three shoppers or minors unaccompanied by their par­ents, as well as cleaning company staff.

The head of the public relations department of Realgipermarket said that retail companies that op­erate on a self-service basis generally include the factor of the expected cost of losses into the end price for small or expensive products such as make up, creams and small souvenirs. She did not say what the size of the price markup usually was, saying only that "for the consumer it is usually kopecks, but can signifi­cantly minimize losses in the company's turnover."

An analyst at Uralsib Capital said that shoplifting losses are taken into account when pricing certain categories of goods, and that the markup does not exceed 0.5 percent of the price.

Shoplifting is not the biggest prob­lem, as about 70 percent of goods lost at the supplier - consumer level are the re­sult of internal theft at warehouses and shops, said a representative of a discount chain who asked not to be named.

Most thefts from shops fall under the administrative violations codex, and shops try to protect their expensive goods with magnetic detectors, said the head of the State Department of Internal Affairs (GUVD) for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast. According to data from the GUVD, since November 2008, about 250 thefts, including those from shops, have been registered per month in St. Petersburg. He said that secu­rity guards do not always call the police.

In a six-month period, 15,416 peo­ple were detained at Lenta stores for shoplifting. X5 group said that criminal proceedings were only brought against 10 percent of those detained in their stores. "We let old ladies, children and ill people go after we have taken back the stolen goods; you have to feel sorry for them," said the X5 representative.

At Karusel and Pyatyorochka, the total losses avoided this year increased eightfold to several million rubles. Sales of the northwest branch of X5 to­taled $576 million in the first quarter of this year.

The discount chain representative said that in order to prevent losses, which are felt particularly keen in times of crisis, the company is introduc­ing an IT system that will allow them to control the movement of goods. Install­ing the system at six checkouts in a shop costs on average 500,000 rubles ($16,165), excluding expenses on the software, said the head of the retail systems department at 1C:Bukhuchyot i Torgovlya.

The head of the systems integrator department at SM Trade said that a security system for an 8,000 to 12,000-square meter hypermarket, in­cluding CCTV, controlled access and alarm system costs from 4.5 million to 8 million rubles ($145,000 to $259,000).

He said that sales of security systems are falling, as most retailers want to cut back on technical expenses and are shift­ing the responsibility for finding a way to reduce losses from theft onto staff.

Bukvoyed's manager said that spend­ing on security had not increased, but that the company was paying closer at­tention to training its staff.

Words to be memorized:

Shoplifting – магазинная кража

Retail chains – сети розничной торговли

Security system – охранная система

Amateur thief (pl. thieves) – вор-любитель

Steal (stole, stolen) – воровать

Theft – кража

Minor – несовершеннолетний подросток

Staff – персонал

Losses – убытки

Consumer – потребитель

Turnover – товарооборот

Markup – наценка

Warehouse - склад

Violation – правонарушение

Detain – задержать, арестовать

Tasks:

I. Questions:

1) What goods are stolen in most cases?

2) How do some companies try to avoid shoplifting losses?

3) How much is usually the size of the price markup?

4) What codex considers most thefts from shops?

5) How much does a security system, including access and alarm system, cost?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Многие магазины пытаются обнаруживать и задерживать магазинных воров с помощью магнитных детекторов, установленных на выходе.

2) Администрация магазинов розничной торговли не торопится тратить больше денег на охранные системы.

3) Магазинные воры – это обычно группки из двух-трех покупателей или подростки без сопровождения взрослых.

4) Иногда предположительная стоимость убытков от краж включается в конечную цену дорогой косметики.

5) 70% убытков происходят в результате внутренних краж на складах и в магазинах.

Text 4.

Law in Great Britain

British law is divided into two parts — civil and criminal. There are also two types of courts — dealing with civil jurisdiction and the other, with crim­inal jurisdiction. The law of Britain distinguishes offences into main cate­gories: a) indictable offences and b) non-indictable offences. Indictable offences are the more serious crimes, which must be tried before a jury. Non-indictable offences are all the rest and they are tried by the Magis­trates' Court. However, nowadays there are many offences which may

ei­ther be treated on indictment by a jury or by a Magistrates' Court. When a person is brought before the magistrates' Court charged with one of the overlapping offences, the court may in many cases treat the charge as be­ing (for a non-indictable offence. The principal courts of ordinary criminal jurisdiction in England and Wales include :

a) Magistrates' Courts, which try the less serious offences and conduct preliminary inquiries into the more serious offences. They are presided over by Justices of the Peace;

b) Quarter-Sessions which take place at least four times а уеar. They deal with more serious offences and are presided over either by legally qualified chairman with a group of magistrates or by a single lawyer;

c) Assizes which are branches of the High Court and are presided over by High Court Judges. They deal with the most serious offences and cases presenting special difficulties. .

Law in the USA

The third branch of government is the federal judiciary. Its main instru­ment is the Supreme Court, which watches over the other two branches. It determines whether or not their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution. Congress has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court, but it cannot change the powers given to the Supreme Court by the Constitution itself. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices. They are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate. Once approved, they hold office as Supreme Justices for life. A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to anу other court. Neither the President nor Congress can change their decisions. In addition to the Supreme Court, Congress has established 11 courts of appeal and, bellow them, 91 federal district courts.

The Supreme Court has direct jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: involving foreign diplomats and those in which a state is a party. All cases which reach the Court are appeals from lower courts. The Supreme Court chooses which of these it will hear. Most of the cases involve interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court also has the “power of judicial review”, that is, it has the right to declare laws and actions of the federal, state, and local governments unconstitutional. While not stated in the Constitution, this power was established over time.

Words to be memorized:

Legislative branch – законодательная власть

Executive branch –исполнительная власть

Judicial branch – судебная власть

Civil – гражданский

Criminal – уголовный

Jurisdiction –юрисдикция, сфера полномочий

Offence - правонарушение

Indictable – подлежащий рассмотрению в суде; уголовный

Charge –обвинение

Justice of the Peace – мировой судья

Assize – выездная сессия суда

Judicial review – судебный пересмотр

Tasks:

1. Questions:

1) Into how many parts is British law divided?

2) What court tries less serious offences?

3) How often do quarter sessions take place?

4) What is the main instrument of the federal judiciary?

5) What court has the power of judicial review?

2. Translate from Russian into English:

1) В Британии есть два типа судов – гражданские и уголовные.

2) Мировые суды рассматривают менее серьезные правонарушения и проводят предварительное расследование более серьезных правонарушений.

3) Выездные сессии – это ветви Верховного cуда .

4) Главного судью американского Верховного суда и его помощников назначает Президент, с одобрения Сената.

5) Верховный суд США имеет право судебного пересмотра.

Text 5.

Licensed to Kill.

By Jamison Firestone

In the summer of 1993, I set up a law firm in Moscow with an American friend, Terry Duncan. All of the lawyers were Russians. They were the brightest of the bright.

Young Russian lawyers from the best schools who believed in Russia, the rule of law and the future of their country. We shared a common vision: Russia was the place to be. History was being made, and we were at the center of it. Law mattered, Russia had a bright future, and lawyers and law were central to that future.

One of those young men who shared this vision and passion was Sergei Magnitsky, who worked with me for more than 10 years. I believe that he was killed in prison by corrupt law enforcement officers.

There are those who would question my use of the word killed. Some would call it an overreaction. It is not.

Magnitsky testified against a group of Interior Ministry officers who we believe stole more than 5 billion rubles from the Russian treasury. One month later, those same officers arrested Magnitsky on completely false charges that made no legal sense. They held him in prison in horrible conditions. When Magnitsky’s health deteriorated, they denied him access to doctors, medicine and a routine but critical operation. He died Monday evening.

Magnitsky did not die by chance. He died because corrupt Interior Ministry officers killed him. They knowingly imprisoned an innocent man, destroyed his health and denied him access to medical treatment. Maybe the Ministry just wanted to put pressure on him. But when detained people are tortured, they sometimes die, and in this case the people applying the pressure become killers.

Magnitsky’s story is all the more terrible because it is now routine. Let’s be honest, the so-called law enforcement agencies are detested by everyone and respected by no one. Corrupt officers routinely open criminal cases against the innocent, imprison people, kill people and steal with impunity. They are not above the law. They are the law. They are in effect licensed to kill.

One of the most interesting things about reading the articles and Internet blogs about Magnitsky’s death is how universal this opinion is. Nobody believes the Interior Ministry, and everyone understands that Magnitsky was effectively killed, and that he is just another of the many victims of the country’s abuse of police powers.

“Russian law” has become an oxymoron.

When are these crimes carried out by law enforcement agencies going to stop? When are we going to take back this country from the gang of criminals in uniform that has decided that it is the law?

Although I support President Dmitry Medvedev’s statements about fighting legal nihilism and corruption, he should publicly acknowledge that law enforcement agencies and the courts are now the main forces that threaten the ordinary citizens of this country.

Medvedev asks Russians not to give up hope and fall into legal nihilism, and then he allows a bunch of bandits in uniforms to rule over us. Corrupt officers steal and kill, and the government does nothing. Occasionally a statement is made about how the president or prime-minister cannot interfere with law enforcement agencies, but law enforcement agencies are now Russia’s largest problem. They are the enforcers of the new mafia. If Medvedev is not prepared to interfere, who will? The few who try to interfere, like Magnitsky, die.

Words to be memorized:

To set up – открыть

Bright – способный

Rule – правило

To share – разделять

To matter – значить

Passion – энтузиазм

Enforcement – защита, принуждение к выполнению

Overreaction – крайнее противодействие

To testify against – свидетельствовать против

Treasury – казна

Completely – полностью, совершенно

Sense – смысл

To deteriorate – ухудшаться

To deny – отрицать, отказать

Access – доступ

Corrupt – продажный

Innocent – невиновный

To destroy – разрушить

Detained – содержащийся под стражей

To torture – пытать

To detest – ненавидеть

To respect – уважать

Impunity – безнаказанность

To license – разрешать

Oxymoron – оксюморон (стилистический прием, обозначающий нарочитое сочетание противоречивых понятий)

Gang – банда

Bunch – горстка

To interfere – вмешиваться

The few - те немногие

Tasks:

I. Answer the questions:

1) What kind of Russian lawyers were in the law firm of Jamison Firestone in Moscow?

2) Why was Sergei Magnitsky killed in prison?

3) How can corrupt officers open criminal cases against the innocent and steal with impunity?

4) Can you explain the meaning of the word “oxymoron” in English? Give examples of this device.

5) What does Medvedev ask Russians not to do and what does he then allow bandits to do?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Некоторые хотели бы спросить у меня, зачем я использую слово «убили».

2) Месяц спустя те же самые чиновники арестовали Магницкого по совершенно ложным обвинениям, которые не имели никакой правовой основы.

3) Они умышленно заключили в тюрьму невинного человека, разрушили его здоровье и лишили его медицинской помощи.

4) Никто не верит министерству внутренних дел, и все считают, что Магницкий является еще одной жертвой зависимости страны от правоохранительных органов.

5) Получается, что президент или премьер-министр не могут вмешиваться в действия правоохранительных структур, но именно эти структуры сегодня крупнейшая проблема России.

Text 6.

Judges Find New Way Around New Law.

By Anastasia Kornya

Moscow – Legislation prohibiting the arrest of businessmen won’t help many of them, as courts are refusing to acknowledge that some suspects were engaged in entrepreneurial activity.

Vedomosti has obtained a copy of Tverskoi District Court’s decision extending the arrest of Alexander Volkov, director of Eurasia Logistics, who was accused of fraud and property laundering, as well as document forgery committed as part of an organized group. The Interior Ministry’s Investigative Committee said that in 2006-08, Eurasia helped Mukhtar Ablyazov, former head of BTA-Bank, take out loans he never intended to return.

Volkov was arrested in March, along with three other Eurasia Logistics employers. But in April, a law backed by President Dmitry Medvedev was enacted prohibiting arrest for economic crimes, including fraud charges, if the fraud was related to entrepreneurial activity.

But Volkov was not released from custody. On April 30, the court extended his arrest until September. The judge, Sergei Podoprigorov, who also ordered the arrest of Sergei Magnitsky – a lawyer who died in pretrial detention in November – decided that the circumstances mandating Volkov’s arrest had not changed and that his charges were criminal, not economic. A court decision extending the arrest of Denis Vorotyntsev, a lawyer for Eurasia Logistics, explained that the crimes in question were committed with the intent to create a Ponzi scheme, the goal of which was obtaining loans, not real entrepreneurial work.

Interpreting the law this way will allow courts to ignore the ban on arrests of businessmen – all they need to do is to claim that the crime is not related to entrepreneurship, Volkov’s lawyer Yelena Oreshnikova said. In Volkov’s case, the court ignored the fact that the credits were invested in real estate projects, she said.

Anna Usachyova, spokeswoman for the Moscow City Court, refused to comment on the decision of the Tverskoi court.

Taking out loans meets the definition of “entrepreneurial activity”, but the problem is that judges never refuse requests from prosecutors and investigators, said Yuri Kostanov, a lawyer, adding that there was a reason why judges, as well as corrupt police officers, were accused by the U.S.Congress of oppressing Magnitsky.

The legislation has led to the release of Boris Sokalsky, chairman of the board of NEP Bank, accused of illegal banking, and Alexander Gitelson, owner of VEFK Bank, charged with extra-large-scale embezzlement and money laundering. The Investigative Committee closed the case against Mikhail Gutsariyev for a lack of evidence of wrongdoing, and the Investigative Committee under the Prosecutor General’s Office dropped charges against Igor Linshits, former owner of Neftyanoi Bank, for the same reasons.

Supreme Court Chairman Vyacheslav Lebedev said no data on the effect of the arrest ban for entrepreneurs is presently available, but the Supreme Court has already requested that local courts provide statistics on the issue. Lebedev said he does not expect a lot of cases to fall under the new law.

Words to be memorized:

Legislation – законодательство

Prohibiting – запрещающий

To refuse – отказывать(ся)

To acknowledge – подтверждать, признавать

To extend – оттягивать

To accuse – обвинять

Fraud – мошенничество

Forgery – подлог

Loans – ссуды, займы

To enact – предписывать

Charges – издержки, обвинения

Custody – заточение

Pretrial detention – предварительное заключение

Ban – запрет

Real estate – недвижимость

Release – освобождение

Embezzlement – растрата, хищение

Former – бывший

Available – возможный, доступный

Issue – тема, вопрос

Tasks:

I. Answer the questions:

1) Why won’t legislation prohibiting the arrest of businessmen help many of them?

2) What was Alexander Volkov, director of Eurasia Logistics, accused of?

3) What did a lawyer for Eurasia Logistics explain on the arrest of Denis Vorotyntsev?

4) What do they need to allow courts to ignore the ban on the arrests of businessmen?

5) Why is it necessary to improve laws?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) В 2206-08 годах «Евразия» помогла Мухтару Аблязову взять ссуды, которые он не собирался возвращать.

2) Закон, отозванный Президентом Дмитрием Медведевым, предписывал запрет на арест за экономические преступления.

3) Судья, который санкционировал арест Сергея Магницкого, решил, что растрату Магницкого можно считать уголовным, а не экономическим преступлением.

4) В случае Волкова суд игнорировал тот факт, что кредиты были инвестированы в проекты недвижимости.

5) Александр Гительсон, владелец VЕFK-Банка, был обвинен в колоссальных растратах государственных средств.

Text 7.

New Law Gets Test Run With Chichvarkin

By Kristina Mikulova

Moscow – A law allowing defendants to plea bargain for lighter sentences appears to have been applied for the first time in the high-profile case against fugitive cell phone tycoon Yevgeny Chichvarkin – much to the consternation of its co-author, Alexander Lebedev.

“It’s like a scalpel,” former State Duma Deputy Lebedev wrote of the law on his blog Friday. “It can save people from death, but it can also kill them. I’m sorry, Yevgeny.”

Investigators used the law, which was passed in June and designed to fight organized crime, to bolster their case against former Yevroset chief Chichvarkin, who is on the most-wanted lists of both the Russian police and Interpol on charges of kidnapping and extortion.

Sergei Katorgin, one of eight Yevroset employees accused in what seems to be the Kremlin’s latest manhunt for a leading businessman, purportedly made a deal with investigators to supply evidence against Chichvarkin in exchange for having his sentence reduced by a third. Two more suspects, who have not been identified, have also agreed to testify for lighter sentences, Kommersant reported.

Investigative Committee spokesman Vladimir Markin said by telephone that he would not confirm or deny the plea bargains. The committee closed its investigation into the Yevroset case on Friday.

The law on plea bargains was passed amid pledges by Russian authorities to use it to fight organized crime, as is common in Western Europe and the United States.

“This law was needed to bring to light those ordering assassinations, dealing drugs or breeding corruption,” Lebedev wrote on his LiveJournal blog.

Instead, the authorities swiftly applied the law to the Chichvarkin case.

“I never imagined such a precedent for my law,” said Lebedev, a former United Russia member and wealthy businessman who has become a vocal critic of the establishment. His assets include a third of state airline Aeroflot and 90 percent of Novaya Gazeta, the opposition newspaper.

Calls to Lebedev for additional comment went unanswered.

Murad Musayev, a defense lawyer in the case of slain Novaya Gazeta journalist Anna Politkovskaya, does not share Lebedev worries. “I don’t see anything dangerous in the application of this law in a kidnapping case, even if the suspect is a businessman,” he told The St. Petersburg Times. “It would be a problem if the prosecutors tried to bribe the witness to testify.”

Musayev noted that plea bargain deals have been offered before, only informally. “The fact that they have been legally defined is only positive,” he said.

Chichvarkin, the 34-year-old cofounder of Yevroset, Russia’s largest mobile phone retailer, faces charges that he participated in the 2003 abduction of the firm’s shipping agent, Andrei Vlaskin, who had purportedly stolen large quantities of mobile phones, as well as the extortion of money from him. In July, prosecutors added a charge of lying to investigators. If tried and convicted, Chichvarkin faces up to 20 years in prison.

“I am absolutely innocent, and I will be proving it to the court.”

Words to be memorized:

Allowing – позволяющий

Defendant – обвиняемый

To plea bargain – просить снисхождения

Against – против

Fugitive – скрывающийся

Tycoon –магнат

Consternation – ужас, испуг

Former – бывший

Investigator – следователь

To be designed – быть предназначенным

To bolster – поддерживать

List – список

On charge – по обвинению

Extortion – вымогательство

Manhunt – преследование

Purportedly – намеренно

Evidence – улики

To reduce – сокращать

Suspect – подозреваемый

To testify – свидетельствовать

To confirm – подтверждать

To deny – отрицать

Pledge – обещание

Assassination – заказное убийство

Instead – вместо этого

Asset – имущество, доход

Slain – убитый

To share – разделять

To bribe – подкупать

Abduction -похищение

Tasks:

I. Answer the questions:

1) When was a law allowing defendants to plea bargain for lighter sentences applied for the first time?

2) Why is former Yevroset chief Chichvarkin on the most wanted lists of the Russian police and Interpol?

3) How did Russian authorities use the law on plea bargains passed amid pledges?

4. What is Lebedev whose assets include a third of state airline Aeroflot and 90 percent of Novaya Gazeta?

5) What did the firm’s shipping agent, Andrei Vlaskin, steal purportedly from Chichvarkin, a co-founder of Yevroset?

II. Translate from Russian into English:

1) Сергей Каторгин намеренно вел дела со следователями, чтобы собирать для них улики против Чичваркина в обмен на сокращение срока своего приговора на треть.

2) Еще два подозреваемых также согласились свидетельствовать ради смягчения приговора, как сообщила газета «Коммерсант».

3) В Западной Европе и Соединенных Штатах используется право просьбы о снисхождении для борьбы с организованной преступностью.

4) Лебедев, бывший член Объединенной России и зажиточный бизнесмен, представить себе не мог о существовании такого права.

5) Адвокат защиты по делу убитой журналистки Анны Политковской из Новой Газеты не разделяет опасений Лебедева.

SECTION II

GRAMMAR.

NOUNS

Countable and uncountable nouns

Составляющие массу	Blood, coffee, juice, milk, oil, tea, water, etc.
Твердые	Bread, butter, china, coal, fish, food, fruit, glass, ice, iron, meat, etc.
Газообразные	Air, oxygen, pollution, smoke, smog, steam, etc.
Состоящие из частиц	Corn, dust, flour, hair, pepper, rice, salt, sand, sugar, wheat, etc.
Предметы, науки	Chemistry, physics, economics, history, literature, mathematics,etc.
Языки	Chinese, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, etc.
Игры, спорт	Baseball, hockey, billiards, chess, football, golf, rugby, etc.
Болезни	Cancer, flu, measles, small pox, mumps, etc.
Явления природы	Darkness, lightning, thunder, gravity, hail, heat, humidity, etc.
Абстрактные понятия	Accommodation, advice, anger, applause, assistance, behavior, business, chaos, countryside, courage, damage, dirt, education, evidence, housework, homework, information, intelligence, knowledge, luck, music, news, peace, progress, seaside, shopping, traffic, trouble, truth, wealth, etc.
Собирательные	Baggage, furniture, jewellery, machinery, money, rubbish, etc.

Примечания:

1) Неисчисляемые существительные могут стать исчисляемыми, если имеется в виду упаковка:

A piece of paper/ information/ advice/ furniture; a glass/ bottle of water; a jar of jam; a box/ sheet of paper; a packet of coffee/ tea; a slice/ loaf of bread; a pot/ cup of tea; a kilo of meat, etc.

2) Некоторые существительные используются с глаголом во множественном числе: garments (pyjamas, trousers, etc); tools ( scissors, etc); instruments ( binoculars, compasses, spectacles, etc). Also: arms, ashes, barracks, clothes, congratulations, earnings, looks, outskirts, people, police, premises, riches, surroundings, wages, etc.

3) Собирательные существительные используются с глаголом во множественном или единственном числе в зависимости от того, имеется в виду вся команда, армия, правительство и т.д. или отдельные люди: army, audience, class, club, committee, company, council, crew, crowd, headquarters, family, jury, government, press, public, staff, team, etc.

Существительные, значение которых меняется в зависимости от того, во множественном они числе или единственном:

Единственное	Множественное
Give me a piece of paper, please!	You have to show your papers!
The needle of the compass always points North	She has drawn a perfect circle with compasses
It’s a very interesting custom!	All passengers have to go through the Customs
You have got a lot of experience in childcare	We had some negative experiences on our trip
The vase is made of glass.	Where are my glasses?
She has got long, black hair	There is a hair in my soup!
The scale of the disaster was enormous	Mother is weighing the baby on the scales
The dish is made of wood	There are many woods in our region
He goes to work every two days	Shakespeare’s works are world-known
There are many people in the queue	All peoples have their own traditions
The rain is over and the sun is shining	In some climates the rains come twice a year

1. Fill in is or are.

1) Where … your trousers?

2) Could you tell me where the scissors …?

3) Tonight, there…. Athletics on TV.

4) Money … easy to spend and difficult to save.

5) Gloves… worn in cold weather.

6) The student’s knowledge … amazing.

7) Love … the reason for much happiness in the world.

8) The bread … stale.

9) My luggage … too heavy to carry.

10) My advice to you … to stay in bed.

11) Physics … my favourite subject.

12) Measles … a common illness.

13) The glasses … in the cupboard.

14) My mum’s hair … really long.

15) Our bathroom’s scales … quite accurate.

16) Darts … a popular game in England.

17) This work … too hard for me.

18) People .. unhappy with the new tax system.

2. Write (C) countable or ( U ) uncountable:

1. sugar 2. bird 3. pen 4. transport 5. housework 6. ball 7. soap 8. bridge 9. water 10. news 11. house 12. luggage 13. boy 14. fruit 15. chess 16. food 17. dog 18. furniture 19. weather 20. sausage

3. Translate into English:

1) Мои часы спешат.

2) Это ваш багаж?

3) Дайте мне одну чашку кофе.

4) Нет новостей – и хорошо.

5) Вы не могли бы дать мне совет?

6) Есть масса доказательств его вины.

7) Ярость – плохой советчик.

8) Комитет принял решение объявить забастовку.

9) Персонал клиники одобрил решение.

10) Наша команда победила в соревнованиях по легкой атлетике.

11) Слово фарфор происходит из страны, где он бал изобретен.

12) Немецкий принадлежит к индо-европейской семье языков. Как и французский.

13) Семья – одна из главных ценностей в жизни человека.

14) Где мои очки?

15) Ее волосы вьются.

16) Газеты уже принесли?

17) Все народы мира считают, что мир – главное условие жизни на земле.

18) Удача – это то, что мне нужно.

19) Химия – наука о составе различных веществ.

20) Разве шахматы – это спорт?

21) Какая сегодня погода?

22) Правда борется с кривдой в сказках и в реальности.

23) Образование в нашей стране всегда считалось одним из лучших в мире.

24) В нашей школе был только один выпускной класс.

25) Весь класс решил поздравить учителей цветами.

26) Каков был ваш заработок на прежнем месте работы?

27) Его богатство - все его достоинство.

28) В доме есть лестница и лифт.

29) Публика любит выступления Жванецкого.

30) Ваша помощь была бесценной.

31) После землетрясения в городе были хаос, грязь, пепел и масса повреждений.

PRONOUNS.

Перед глаголом, как подлежащее	После глагола, как дополнение	Перед существительным	Без обозначаемого существительного	Возвратные
I	me	My	mine	Myself
You	you	Your	yours	Yourself
He	him	His	his	Himself
She	her	Her	hers	Herself
It	it	Its	--------	Itself
We	us	Our	ours	Ourselves
You	you	Your	yours	Yourselves
They	them	Their	theirs	Themselves

Примечания:

1) Возвратные местоимения могут идти после глаголов be, feel, look, seem когда имеются в виду чувства или состояния : She doesn’t seem herself these days.

2) Возвратные местоимения идут после некоторых глаголов: behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, kill, look at, laugh at, introduce, dry, teach когда подлежащее и дополнение – одно и то же лицо: Did you enjoy yourself last night?

3) Некоторые глаголы в английском не требуют после себя возвратного местоимения ( в отличие от русского языка): wash, shave, (un)dress, afford, complain, meet, rest, relax, stand up, get up, sit down, wake up: He got up and shaved.

4) Возвратные местоимения иногда используются для того, чтобы подчеркнуть, что действие было совершено именно данным лицом: We fixed the equipment ourselves.

5) Возвратные местоимения используются в идиомах: Enjoy yourself! (Повеселись!) Behave yourself! (Веди себя хорошо!) I like being by myself! ( Люблю побыть в одиночестве) She lives by herself. (Она живет одна) Help yourself to some coffee! ( Угощайся кофе) Do it yourself ( Сделай сам) Make yourself at home! ( Чувствуй себя как дома) Make yourself heard! ( Говори громче) Make yourself understood! ( Говори понятнее)