VI. Answer the questions:

1. Who suggested the idea of drilling wells in Russia?

2. When was the first oil well drilled?

3. What method of drilling was in use in the early days of oil industry?

4. What are the most progressive methods of drilling now?

5. Who designed the first turbo-drill?

VII. Translate into English:

1. Первая нефтяная скважина была пробурена в России на Апшеронском полуострове в середине прошлого века.

2. Долгое время для бурения скважин использовали канатно-ударный метод.

3. Наиболее прогрессивный метод бурения - роторный, заменил ударный способ.

4. Турбобурение – разновидность роторного.

5. Первый турбобур был сконструирован советским инженером Капелюшниковым.

VIII. Translate into Russian without a dictionary:

1. Percussion or cable drilling was a slow procedure.

2. Wells made by percussion drilling were of comparatively low depth, not more than several hundred meters.

3. Cable tools were suitable for drilling medium hard rocks.

4. The early rotary procedure has hardly changed over years.

5. It is rarely possible to drill more than 60 feet per day with the percussion system while under favourable circumstances up to 2000 feet can be drilled by rotary system for 8 hours.

6. In order to drill the engine rotates the table which rotates the string and therefore the bit.

7. Rotary bits are seriously limited because they transmit only 25 to 50 h.p. to the rock.

8. Drilling engineers with the aid of bit manufacturers have increased the penetration rate (скорость проходки) many times.

9. Air drilling involves the use of compressed air instead of fluid to force cutting from the bottom of the hole to the surface.

10. Lasers can be used to drill through rock.

IX. Speak about:

1. Percussion drilling.

2. Rotary drilling.

3. Turbodrilling.

Lesson Eight bits

I. Words and expressions to be remembered:

1. to deepen – углублять

2. to determine - определять

3. drag bit – лопастное долото

4. roller bit – шарошечное долото

5. to crush - разрушать

6. two-wing bit – двухлопастное долото

7. clay – глина

8. rolling cone – шарошечное долото на роликовых подшипниках

9. diamond bit – алмазное долото

10. advantage – премущество

11. surface – поверхность

12. require – требовать

13. drilling speed – скорость бурения

14. especially – особенно

15. by means of – посредством

16. frequent – частый

17. replacement – замена

18. sinking – проходка

19. to bite – вгрызаться, въедаться

20. to shear – срезать

21. to cut – резать

22. to bore – бурить, сверлить

23. service – служба, (зд.) эксплуатация

24. due to – благодаря

25. to set - устанавливать

II. Read and translate the text: Bits

All oil wells are drilled by means of a bit. A bit is a tool which bites into ground and progressively deepens the well.

The properties of the rock to be drilled determine the type of a drilling bit to be used. Depending on how they operate on the rock, drilling bits are classified as drag or cutting blades, and as roller bits.

Drag bits shear or cut the rock. Roller bits have a crushing action. Two and three-wing bits are used for drilling in soft clays, clay shells and other rocks, which are not particularly hard.

Roller bits are designed with two, three and more rolling cones, each of them can rotate independently. Three-roller bits are mostly used for drilling hard rocks.

Diamond bits are widely used for boring wells. Their advantage as compared with ordinary bits lies in their longer service due to hardness of the diamonds set in their surface. Diamond bits do not require frequent replacement, and their drilling speed, especially in sinking deep wells, is much higher than that of bits without diamonds. Not many years ago a rock bit would last only 6 to 12 hours before wore out. Now rock bits serve for two or three days on normal depth wells.

III. Answer the questions:

1. What is a bit?

2. In what way are the bits classified?

3. What are two or three-wing bits used for?

4. What does the advantage of a diamond bit lie in?

IV. Read and translate the words:

bit, roller bit, drag bit, two-wing bit, three-roller bit, diamond bit, ordinary bit, sinking, crush, cut, shear, clay shales, rock, hard.

V. Translate into English:

свойство, зависеть, использовать, мягкий, твердый, независимо, ско­рость, служба, требовать, преимущество.

VI. Translate the words of the same root:

advantage - disadvantage, deep – deepen - depth, hard – hardness, serve -service, cut - cuttings, rotate- rotation, operate - operation.

VII. Use the proper words in the following sentences:

1. All oil wells are drilled by means of …

2. Three roller bits are ... for drilling used

hard rocks. designed

3. Roller bits are … with two, three and a bit

more rolling cones. wells

4. Diamond bits are widely used for boring …