4. Fill in the gaps using modal verbs (should, may, to be to, must, need, shall):

1. Professional designers … be aware of the latest trends.

2. Designers … argue with customers, and definitely they … be rude with them.

3. Mary … to meet with her client at 6, but unfortunately she was late.

4. … the walls be painted? – This would be great!

5. He … be a good designer, but I’m not sure.

6. The ceiling … to be whitewashed, and the walls … be wall- papered.

7. You … repair my door. That’s an order!

8. … you … any tips on interior decoration? – Thanks, but I … do without your advice.

Discussion

1. Prepare reports on the following topics:

1. Famous Design Schools in Russia and Abroad.

2. How to Become an Industrial/Graphic Designer.

3. Tips From Famous Designers.

Additional tasks

Read the tips that can help you make your future career: http://www.cvtips.com/career-choice/how-to-build-your- career.html http://careerplanning.about.com/od/careerchoicechan/tp/Career- Choice.htm

Lesson 4 Elements and principles of Interior Design

Whether you are working with existing furnishings and fabrics or “starting from scratch” with an empty room, you should always use the elements and principles of design as a guide in choosing everything. The elements are your tools or raw materials, much like paints are the basics to a painter. The elements of design include space, line, form, colour, and tex- ture. The principles of design relate to how you use these ele- ments. The principles of design are balance, emphasis, rhythm, proportion and scale, and harmony and unity.

Elements of design Line

Line can convey various feeling and emotions: a delicate, smooth line seems serene and soothing, while a bold, frantic line can suggest anger or energy.

Horizontal lines suggest rest and stability; they have a re- laxing, informal effect, and are ideal to create calm interiors. Horizontal lines also suggest breadth, so they visually expand a room. Vertical lines express a state of equilibrium with the force of gravity; they generate the psychological impression of steadiness, strength and simplicity. They add height and dig- nity, creating a more formal atmosphere. Diagonal lines imply movement and are visually active and dynamic; they attract at-

tention and can add drama, but they can be disturbing unless supported by verticals or opposing diagonals. Too many oblique lines can make the interior restless. Curved lines tend to promote softness; being similar to natural forms, we perceive them as freer than straight lines. Large upwards curves suggest gentle, relaxed movement, while downwards curves seem seri- ous and sad; small curves can express playfulness and energy. An excessive use of curves can create an ornate, fussy appear- ance.

Shape & Form

Lines joining together define the form or shape of objects. The most common shapes found in our homes are squares, rec- tangles and triangle – created by straight lines – and circles and ovals – created by circular lines. The square represents the pure and the rational; like the triangle, it’s a stable, serene figure but it becomes dynamic when standing on one of its corners. All rectangles can be considered to be variations of the square, however rectangular shapes are more pleasing to the eye than square ones. Rectangular shapes are clearly the norm in archi- tectural and interior design, however too many rectangular shapes can become boring. Add interest by varying their size, proportion, colour, texture, placement, or orientation. The tri- angle represents stability, but it’s also a dynamic shape because of the different angles formed by its sides. Add interest by varying their size, proportion, colour, texture, placement, or orientation. The circle is a compact shape that represents unity and continuity; although it’s normally a stable shape, it can ap- pear to have motion when combined with other lines and shapes. Curvilinear shapes, like curved lines, express softness and fluidity.

When shapes extend into the third dimension they create volume; the space defined by walls (a room) is the most com- mon volume in interior design. Totally geometric spaces can seem too formal or restrictive, while free-flowing spaces can

feel open and confused, so it’s necessary to balance both kind of forms.