Lesson 9 Advertising

Advertising is a form of communication that typically at- tempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to con- sume more of a particular brand of product or service. While now central to the contemporary global economy and the re- production of global production networks, it is only quite re- cently that advertising has been more than a marginal influence on patterns of sales and production. Mass production necessi- tated mass consumption, and this in turn required a certain ho- mogenization of consumer tastes for final products.

Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the crea- tion and reinvention of the "brand image". For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. Every major medium is used to de- liver these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization.

Organizations that frequently spend large sums of money on advertising that sells what is not, strictly speaking, a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations, and military recruiters. Non-profit organizations are not typical advertising clients, and may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as public service announcements.

Types of advertising Media

Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television adverts, web banners, mo- bile telephone screens, shopping carts, web pop ups, skywrit- ing, bus stop benches, human billboards, magazines, newspa- pers, town criers, sides of buses, banners attached to or sides of airplanes, in-flight advertisements on seatback tray tables or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and passen- ger screens, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, stickers on apples in su- permarkets, shopping cart handles, the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tick- ets and supermarket receipts. Any place an "identified" sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising.

Covert advertising

Covert advertising is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruise's character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches, Ford, VAIO, BMW and Aston Martin cars are featured in recent James Bond films, most notably Casino Royale.

Television commercials

The TV commercial is generally considered the most effec- tive mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The majority of television commercials fea- ture a song or jingle that listeners soon relate to the product. Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming through computer graphics. In a TV commercial

the advertiser is trying to persuade you to go out and buy some- thing. He wants to make you feel that you really must have it. He can use a number of different effects to do this:

• The snob effect. This tells you that the product is most exclusive and of course rather expensive. Only the very best people use.

• The scientific effect. A serious-looking man with glasses and a white coat, possibly a doctor or a professor, tells you about the advantages of the product.

• The words-and-music effect. The name of the product is repeated over and over again, put into a rhyme and sung several times in the hope that you won’t forget it. The sung rhyme is called a “jingle”.

• The ha-ha effect. The advertiser tries to make you laugh by showing people or cartoon figures in funny situations.

• The VIP (Very important person) effect. Well-known people, like actors or football players, are shown using the product.

• The supermodern effect. The advertiser tries to persuade you that this product is a new, sensational breakthrough.

• The go-go effect. This is suitable for teenage market. It shows young people having a party, singing, laughing, having a wonderful time, and, of course, using the product.

By skilfully using advertising baits, representatives of business are quite able to exert a substantial influence on the content of TV and radio programs.