The methods of mailing lists

1. How much do you know about mailing lists? Try to fill in the missing words. Then read the text more carefully.

   1. A ............................. is a discussion forum where participants subscribe to a list and receive messages via e-mail.

   2. In a discussion list you receive the messages directly into your ............................ .

   3. In a newsgroup, however, you read the articles that are stored in one .............................. .

   4. To receive messages from a mailing list, first you need to ............................... to it.

   5. Some lists may be ............................ to certain professionals, requiring specific qualifications to join them.

   6. Each list has two addresses: (i) ......................................, and (ii) ............................. .

   7. Mailing lists usually have a FAQ file. FAQ is an acronym for ..................................................... .

What is a mailing list?

A mailing list is a basic type of discussion group that uses e-mail to communicate. The messages are distributed to all the subscribers, i.e. everyone that belongs to the list. There are thousands of lists covering every imaginable topic, from hobbies and music to news and science. Types of lists Discussion lists let you send and receive messages, providing a discussion forum for the participants; but they're different from newsgroups. In a discussion list you receive the messages directly into your e-mail box. In a newsgroup you read the articles, ie, messages posted by contributors that are stored in one central location. One-way lists only let you receive messages, not send them. They're good for busy people who only wish to receive broadcast information. Some lists can be received as a periodic "digest". This contains a lot of messages which have been grouped together and sent as a single message. Other lists are restricted to certain users, requiring specific qualifications to join them. For Example, a list about the science of stars and planets may be restricted to astronomers. How to subscribe Before you can start receiving messages from a list you need to subscribe to it. This process adds your e-mail address to the list. If the list is automated (controlled by a computer program like listserv, listproc, or majordomo) you usually write in the body of the message: <subscribe listname> where "listname" is the name of the list. The address has the form <majordomo@address.site> You can quit a mailing list at any time. To unsubscribe you just need to write <unsubscribe listname> or, if this doesn't work, try <signoff listname>

If the list is administered by a person, just send a message to the human moderator saying something like <please subscribe me to the list>. The address has the form <list-request@address.site>. Remember that each list has two addresses: (i) the administrative address, used to subscribe and unsubscribe , and (ii) the list address, used to distribute the messages to everyone on the list. Tips When you join a list, you receive a confirmation message and some instructions about how to unsubscribe. Save this information, you may need it in the future. Some lists have a FAQ (frequently asked questions) document with the most common questions asked by newbies (new contributors). Read this file if you have any problem. Avoid flame wars. Flames are insulting messages directed at each other in discussion forums. When you go on holiday , remember to unsubscribe from lists temporarily. Otherwise your mailbox may overflow with messages. The Publicly Accessible Mailing Lists Website will help you find the mailing list that interests you. Go to http://www.neosoft.com/internet/paml and choose an index by name or by subject. You can also try Liszt, a famous list directory at http://www.liszt.com.

2. Now complete the sentences using the text above to help you. Then write the words in the puzzle to discover the missing word.

1. A...................... mailing lists are controlled by a special computer program.

2. The process of subscribing adds your e ................... address to the list.

3. A d ....................... is a type of list that groups individual messages together and sends them periodically as one message.

4. In newsgroups, the messages posted by contributors are called "a ............................" .

5. Insulting or insensitive messages directed at each other in a discussion forum are known as f................... .

6. New participants in discussion forums are also called "n ..................".

7. If you want to get off a mailing list, you just type the command u.............................. followed by the name of the list.

8. The lists a ....................... by a human moderator usually have the word "-request" in the address.

Infotech: English For Computer Users Cambridge University Press

UNIT 2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Use these words to complete the sentences. Use each item once only.

database made redundant mass-produced monitor

genetic engineering repetitive tasks safety features strict safeguards

computer networks life expectancy locate resources under development

come to terms with labour-saving devices major breakthrough taken for granted

1. As more and more of us are linked by . . . , how soon will it be before the paperless office becomes a reality?

2. This new technique is a . . . in the treatment of cancer.

3. The dishwasher and other . . . have helped to relieve the boredom of domestic chores.

4. Satellite technology can help to . . . for extraction from the earth.

5. The Model T Ford was the first . . . car in the world.

6. It is difficult for some people to . . . the speed of change in the modern world.

7. The police have access to a vast . . . which helps them in their fight against crime.

8. We need . . . to prevent all the information stored on computers from being misused.

9. Many . . . which people found boring and tiring can now be carried out by machines.

10. Many employees have been . . . as a result of the introduction of new technology.

11. Nuclear power stations have computer-controlled systems to . . . their reactors and prevent accidents.

12. This car comes with such . . . as a collapsible steering column and a driver’s airbag.

13. A power station capable of producing electricity from waves is currently . . .

14. With the advance in . . . we may be able to create a race of “perfect” human beings one day, or is that just science fiction?

15. The increase in . . . has led to problems such as how to pay for the care of the elderly.

16. Many technological developments which have greatly affected the way we live are nowadays . . . by the younger generation.

First Certificate Organiser

Text 1

The problems of inventors

1. Read the text and do the tasks following it.

Many of the modern world's most famous discoveries and inventions were not made by scientists, but by amateur inventors. Often, these inventors had such unusual ideas that they were laughed at. But people like these, working on their own, gave us many of the things we use every day.

Clarence "Bob" Birdseye, who invented frozen foods, was both a successful inventor and a good businessman-. But it took him years to overcome the biggest problem of successful inventions -convincing people to try something new and different. Birdseye first tried to freeze fish. After years of experimenting with the process, he started Birdseye. Seafoods, Inc. But the company soon went bankrupt. Even though the process worked, people didn't believe that frozen fish could possibly be good. It took a long time, but people finally accepted frozen food. By the end of his life, Birdseye, who was a completely self-taught inventor, had 100 patents that he sold for a total of 22 million dollars.

Few inventors were as successful as Birdseye. Some, like the original owners of Coca-Cola, didn't realize the potential of their discoveries. The son of the inventor of Coca-Cola sold the recipe for $2,300. Today the product is worth billions of dollars. In 1853, Karl Gerhardt invented aspirin, but he didn't know what to do with it. Fifty years after his invention, a German company discovered that it was a painkiller and has since made millions selling it. Edwin Armstrong invented FM radio, but he spent his whole life trying to protect his invention. Competitors stole his patents, and companies cheated him out of money. Finally, he became so frustrated with his failures that he ended his life by jumping out of a window.

Most great inventors, like Gerhardt and Armstrong, made little or nothing from their inventions. The first person with a new idea may get attention, but he also gets the problem of an untried idea. In business, it is sometimes better to be second.

2. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones with the facts from the text.

1. Birdseye Seafoods, Inc. was a big success.

2. The inventor of Coca-Cola became rich.

3. Karl Gerhardt didn't realize the potential of aspirin.

4. Edwin Armstrong loved the competition of the business world.

5. It takes more than just a good invention to make money.

3. Discuss the following questions in pairs.

1. Why did Birdseye's first company go bankrupt?

2. Who discovered that aspirin is a painkiller?

3. Why did Armstrong kill himself?

4. What is the biggest problem of successful inventions?

5. Why do you think many inventors are not good businessmen?

Text 2

How to be a successful inventor

1. You are going to read an article about important inventions. Draw a line if there is any connection between these words.

Paper factory Velcro Fax machine Telephone Steam engine

Alexander Graham Bell James Watt wasps’ nest Giovanni Caselli seed pods

2. Read the text again and see if you guessed correctly.

Well, you need good timing for a start. You can have a great idea which the public simply doesn't want ... yet. Take the Italian priest, Giovanni Caselli, who invented the first fax machine using an enormous pendulum in the 1860s. Despite the excellent quality of the reproductions, his invention quickly died a commercial death. It was not until the 1980s that the fax became an essential piece of equipment in every office …too late for Signor Caselli. Money also helps. The Frenchman Denis Pap in (1647-1712) had the idea for a steam engine almost a hundred years before the better-remembered Scotsman James Watt was even born ... but he never had enough money to build one.

You also need to be patient (it took scientists nearly eighty years to develop a light bulb which actually worked) ... but not too patient. In the 1870s, Elisha Gray, a professional inventor from Chicago, developed plans for a telephone. Gray saw it as no more than “a beautiful toy”, however. . . When he finally sent details of his invention to the Patent Office on February 14th 1876, it was too late; almost identical designs had arrived just two hours earlier ... and the young man who sent them, Alexander Graham Bell, will always be remembered as the inventor of the telephone.

Of course what you really need is a great idea — but if you haven't got one, a walk in the country and a careful look at nature can help. The Swiss scientist, George de Mestral, had the idea, for Velcro when he found his clothes covered in sticky seed pods after a walk in the country. During a similar walk in the Trench countryside some 250 years earlier, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur had the idea that paper could be made from wood when he found an abandoned wasps' nest. You also need good commercial sense. Willy Higginbotham was a scientist doing nuclear research in the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, USA. In 1958 the public were invited to the Laboratory to see their work; but both parents and children were less interested in the complicated equipment and diagrams than in a tiny 120 cm screen with a white dot which could be hit back and forth over a “net” using a button and a knob. Soon hundreds of people were ignoring the other exhibits to play the first ever computer game ― made from a simple, laboratory instrument called an “oscilloscope”. Higinbotham, however, never made a cent from his invention: he thought people were only interested in the game because the other exhibits were so boring!

Cutting Edge Students’ Book

3. Answer the following questions in pairs.

1. Did Caselli's “fax machine” actually work?

2. Who designed the first steam engine?

3. Who built the first steam engine?

4. Why does the story of the light bulb show that inventors need to be patient?

5. Who invented the first telephone?

6. What did the inventors of Velcro and of paper have in common?

7. What was the purpose of the exhibition at the National Laboratory at Upton in 1958?

8. Did Professor Higinbotham understand the potential of his computer game?

4. Discuss the following with your partner.

1. What information in the article did you already know?

2. What facts (events, information) surprised you most?

Text 3

WHY THE LAST SHALL BE FIRST

Have you heard of Berkey or Ampex? Gablinger or Chux? Perhaps you should have, because each occupies an important place in the history of product innovation. Berkey produced the first hand-held electronic calculators, Ampex the first video recorders. Gablinger developed low-alcohol lager and Chux sold the first disposable nappies.

Or perhaps you should not, because none of these companies made a commercial success of their innovations. Today the calculators we use are probably made by Casio, our video recorder comes from Matsushita, our low-alcohol beer is Miller Lite, our nappies are made by Procter & Gamble. In each of these markets the innovator was swept away. Xerox looks like an exception to this sorry catalogue. The company was first into the photocopier market and, even if its dominance was ultimately challenged by Canon, it remains a large and successful company today. But Xerox was also a pioneer in fax machines and personal computers. Each of these eventually proved to be a success ― but not for Xerox Corporation.

As we all know, it was Apple that developed the personal computer market. But Apple's leadership quickly disappeared when IBM came on the scene. Apple then jumped ahead by introducing the graphical user interface. Its windows and mice brought personal computing within the reach of everyone. But it is Microsoft that does this now. The business world is not kind to pioneers. Even if you know how a market will develop, timing is a matter of luck ― or of quite exceptional skill.

There are two closely related lessons. One is that being first is not often very important. The other is that innovation is rarely a source of competitive advantage on its own. Individuals and small companies can make a great deal of money out of good new ideas. The success of large established corporations ― Matsushita, Philip Morris, IBM or General Electric is generally based on other things: their depth of technical expertise, their marketing skills. And time and again these characteristics enable them to develop the innovative concept far more effectively than the innovators themselves. This is not to say that there is no role in business for the great innovator. After all. General Electric was built on the extraordinary creativity of Thomas Edison's mind, the Ford motor company on the abilities of its eponymous founder. The imagination of Walt Disney created a company that is still without parallel or rival. Perhaps Akio Morita of Sony occupies a similar place in the annals of modern business.

Reader on Science and Technology

1. Make notes about the text using the following headings:

Innovator Berkey __________ __________ __________ __________

Developer Casio ________ ________ ________ ________

Product hand-held calculator ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

2. Discuss the main points made by the author.

1. Several well-known companies are mentioned what are the reasons for their success?

2. Speak about the connection between Disney, Ford, General Electric and Sony.

3. Can you name any companies which were a) innovators b) imitators

Text 4

TECHNOLOGY IN OUR LIVES

1. The world has incredibly changed, hasn’t it? What made the world change so greatly in the past years. Give examples.

2. Study the words. Make sure you know them.

operator  register  cashier  scanner  home-owner  miniature

3. Read the text and say how we can meet our daily needs without connecting other people.

Technology plays a role in all aspects of our lives ― the way we work, and the way we live at home. The speed of technological change in the past 100 years has been incredible.

The early telephones were large, and they didn't even have dials or buttons. You picked up a receiver and talked to an operator who made the call for you. Nowadays, cellular telephones fit in our pockets, and we can use them to make phone calls from anywhere to anywhere. In grocery stores, cashiers used to punch keys on cash registers to enter the price of each item. These days, scanners read bar codes on products packaging, and the prices are recorded by a computerized cash register. In the past, we made a trip to the bank to deposit or withdraw money. Now we can use ATMs (automated teller machines). And many people now do their bank transactions at home online.

Modern technology has dramatically improved our lives. Personal computers enable us to create documents, store information, and analyze data ― at work or at home. The Internet allows us to send and receive e-mail messages, connects us to the World Wide Web, and allows us to go shopping online from our homes. Miniature cameras that patients can swallow permit doctors to diagnose medical conditions without surgery. "Smart homes" operated by computers turn lights on and off as people enter or leave rooms and enable homeowners to "call their houses" to turn on the heat or air conditioning.

Many people feel, however, that technology has its price. With automated supermarket checkout lines, ATMs and online banking, and Internet shopping, we can meet our daily needs without having contact with other people. Life with technology can be very lonely! Also, many people are concerned about privacy. Technology makes it possible for companies or the government to monitor our use of the Internet. Our credit card numbers, bank account information, medical information, and other personal data are all stored on computers. Protecting that information will be an important issue in the years ahead.

Reader on Science and Technology

4. Match the words and their meanings.

to pick (up) to fit in to punch (on) to turn on (off) to store

to collect and keep for future use to take hold of or lift to make holes on surfaces be in a suitable relation to start (on, off)

5. Use the words from each box to make word partnerships.

technological, medical, daily, email, cellular, computerized, automated, personal

telephone, register, lines, needs, information, changes, messages, computer

6. Choose the best alternative to fill in the blank in each of the following sentences.

1. Cellular telephones …..in our pockets.

1. suite

2. go

3. fit

2. The computerized cash registers … the prices of products.

1. say

2. write

3. record

3. Modern technology has improved our… of living

1. pass

2. method

3. way

4. Many people can do their bank …at home on line.

1. conditions

2. protections

3. transactions

5. Personal computers can… information.

1. swallow

2. store

3. scan

7. Read the text again to decide if the statements are true or false. Correct the false ones using the facts from the text.

1. Nowadays telephones are large and we are to talk to the operator who makes the call for us.

2. Nowadays, personal computers are great help at home and at work.

3. The Internet has rather limited possibilities today.

4. With the Internet we can meet our daily needs without having contact with other people.

5. Privacy is not the point the users of the Internet are concerned about.

8. What do you think

1. What was the way people communicate with each other in the 60s?

2. What were the drawbacks of the early telephones?

3. What jobs can computer do for us? Make a list of jobs.

9. Discuss with your partner (or groupmates).

1. New information you have got from the text.

2. Speak about your experience in using the Internet.

Text 5

THE MENACE OF THE MICRO

1. Read the headline of the article and say what it will be about using the choice below.

1. The developments in new technologies

2. The threat of new technologies

3. The benefit of new technologies

2. Read the article and say if your predictions were correct.

Hardly a week goes by without some advance in technology that would have seemed incredible 50 years ago. Over the past 20 years computers have completely revolutionized our lives. Yet we can expect the rate of change to accelerate rather than slow down within our lifetimes. The next 25 years will see as many changes as have been witnessed in the past 150.

These developments in technology are bound to have a dramatic effect on the future of work. By 2010, new technology will have revolutionized communications. People will be transmitting messages down telephone lines that previously would have been sent by post. A postal system which has essentially been the same since the Pharaohs will virtually disappear overnight. Once these changes are introduced, not only postmen but also clerks and secretaries will vanish in a paper-free society. All the routine tasks they perform will be carried on a tiny silicon chip. As soon as this technology is available, these people will be as obsolete as the horse and cart after the invention of the motor car. One change will make thousands, if not millions, redundant.

Even people in traditional professions, where expert knowledge has been the key, are unlikely to escape the effects of new technology. Instead of going to a solicitor, you might go to a computer which is programmed with all the most up-to-date legal information. Indeed, you might even come up before a computer judge who would, in all probability, judge your case more fairly than a human counterpart. Doctors, too, will find that an electronic competitor will be able to carry out a much quicker and more accurate diagnosis and recommend more efficient courses of treatment.

In education, teachers will be largely replaced by teaching machines far more knowledgeable than any human being. What's more, most learning will take place in the home via video conferencing. Children will still go to school though, until another place is created where they can make friends and develop social skills through play.

What, you may ask, can we do to avoid the threat of the dole queue? Is there any job that will be safe? First of all, we shouldn't hide our heads in the sand. Unions will try to stop change but they will be fighting a losing battle. People should get computer literate as this just might save them from professional extinction. After all, there will be a few jobs left in law, education and medicine for those few individuals who are capable of writing and programming the software of the future. Strangely enough, there will still be jobs like rubbish collection and cleaning as it is tough to programme tasks which are largely unpredictable.

If we accept that people have the need to work, then an option might well be to introduce compulsory job sharing and to limit the length of the working week. Otherwise, we could find ourselves in an explosive situation where a technocratic elite is both supporting, and threatened by, vast numbers of the unemployed. Whether the future is one of mass unemployment or greater freedom and leisure will depend on how change is managed over this difficult period and how the relationship between work and reward is viewed.

Reader on Science and Technology

3. Reading for main ideas.

Using the information from the article agree or disagree with the statements. Say Yes or No.

____Over the past years new technologies have completely revolutionized our lives.

____Some traditional professions (for example lawyers) will escape the effects of new technologies.

____The new electronic devices will cause the changes in education and medicine.

____Some jobs will still exist as they are difficult to be programmed.

____New technologies will be dangerous for people.

____New technologies will completely replace people in all areas of their lives.

4. Discuss

What’s your opinion? Do you think people are right when they say that new technology is “a double edged sword”?

How have science and technology changed our lives? Think about discoveries, inventions, new products, and their effects (good and bad). How will science and technology affect our lives in future?

Scientific and technological breakthroughs have brought great benefits. You only have to look around your own home to see . . .

Many illnesses can now be treated or cured, for example, . . .

Other examples of changes are . . .

Have our lives always been improved, however? Have we become too passive? Are we too dependant on technology? How dangerous could it be?

Take, for example, television/computer games/the Internet . . .

New products have also made a major difference to our working lives.

Nowadays, . . .

In the future there may be even more major breakthroughs in the fields of medicine/leisure/work . . .

We may no longer have to . . ./ We will be able to . . .

First Certificate Organiser

UNIT 3. CAREERS IN IT

1. Read the quotes and write the name of the students by the jobs they want.

   1. Web designer __________

   2. Computer programmer __________

   3. Database administrator __________

   4. E-commerce manager __________

Elissa “I’m interested in writing software. My friends say I’m a techno-nerd because I prefer working with computers to people. Money is important but I’d rather do a job I enjoy. I want to take a distance-learning course so I can study at home.”

Katie “I like shopping and I think the future of business is on the Internet. I’m good with computers, but I also like working with people. I’d like to manage my own online company. This will give me a lot of responsibility. E-commerce comes with risks, but rewards are high when you succeed.”

Martin “Many people like Web design, but I think data management gives more job security. There is so much information on the internet, and companies need people who know how to store, manage and retrieve data. I want to get my degree and work for a good company.”

Peter “I’m using Java-script to make my website more interactive. After college, I’d like to try telecommuting. This is working at home, using e-mail to communicate with clients. I want freedom, flexibility and long holidays, which you don’t get by working in an office.”

2. Write E, K, or P. Which student:

1. wants to work at home? _____

2. wants a secure job? _____

3. does not want to study at college? _____

4. wants to choose when to work? _____

5. wants to manage people? _____

6. likes working with data? _____

7. wants to be rich and successful? _____

8. uses a coding system for web pages? _____

3. Underline the ways of expressing like or want in the quotes, then choose the correct answer.

1. _____ telecommunicating to working in an office.

   1. I’d rather

   2. I prefer

   3. I like

2. _____ to do a distance-learning course.

   1. I’d prefer

   2. I ‘d rather

   3. I don’t like

3. _____ working long hours all the time.

   1. I’d prefer

   2. I don’t like

   3. It’s good

4. _____ to work with computers all day as I think it would be boring..

   1. I’d rather not

   2. I wouldn’t like

   3. I don’t like

5. _____ be a rich techno-nerd than poor and popular.

   1. I’d rather

   2. I prefer

   3. I like

6. _____ in being a secretary. I want a better job.

   1. I’m not interested

   2. I’m thinking of

   3. I don’t like

4. Work in groups. Rank the things you want from a job: 1 = most important, 10 = least important

a high salary flexible working hours responsibility interest or enjoyment a nice office telecommuting

long holidays working with people security excitement risk good benefits, e. g. a company car, gym membership

5. Write a paragraph to say what kind of job you would like, and why.

IT WORKSHOP Oxford University Press

Text 1

The Rules of the Resume Game

Resume writing is like tennis in that certain rules apply. The tennis court is a specific size. The net is a standard height. You can remove the net and hit the ball, but then you're not playing tennis. Similar conventions apply to resume writing. You can make up your own rules as you go along. For Example, you can print your resume on bright red paper ― and you'll have an eye-catcher all right-but you won't have a decent resume.

Here are the features of the resume that always produces interviews and job offers:

1. It's accomplishment-oriented. Everything on the page is built around your achievements." They are its only reason for being.

2. It's organized. Things aren't dropped in helter-skelter. Information falls under easily understandable general headings, which makes it easy to find facts.

3. It's broken down into sub-headings. No long paragraphs.

4. It's concise, not wordy. It's written in crisp phrases, not full sentences. In resume language "K" means thousand, "M" means million, and "MM" means hundred million. Thus, $27K means 27 thousand dollars. Omit words like "a, an, and the" and "I, me and my." Otherwise, don't abbreviate. Take out the obvious.

5. It's written on one or two full pages, nothing else. Half-page or 1-1/2 page resumes look like you ran out of steam, or didn't plan well.

6. It's normally limited to two pages, except for the occasional senior executive resume, which can go to three. Getting it onto two pages is part of the drill.  

7. It's packed with important details. Nothing irrelevant. No personal data is included, except when there is an important reason to do so (for Example, when industry standards require it). Let the resume simply show where you've been and what you've accomplished. That's its job. Don't say anything about references, age, marital status, references, sex, race, family, personal interests, political or religious affiliations ― unless mentioning these things will help.

8. It's typed or word processed ― never handwritten ― and it's laser printed on plain white bond paper. Nothing else Very clean photocopies onto good bond paper are more than adequate. No need to word processes all originals. (Key concept: You don't make a better resume by using better paper. You make a better resume by using carefully-chosen words.)

9. It's one-of-a-kind, not canned. It's not done by a resume service.

10. It's conservative, because business is conservative.

11. It's flawlessly clean. No typos, no misspellings. No white-out. One Human Resources Manager said he trashes all letters and resumes with even one spot of white-out. Perhaps short sighted, but that's reality.

12. It's interesting, provocative, and enthusiastic. Not boring.

13. It's weighted to emphasize recent work experience. As a general rule, employers care most about what you've done recently, say within the last ten years. They care less about what you did earlier. (Exception: when something 10 or 15 years ago bears directly on their needs today.) So if you look at a well-written resume visually, it looks like an inverted pyramid. Your most recent experience receives the most attention (space), and earlier jobs get less attention (space) as you go backwards in time.

Job Interview

(useful vocabulary)

– Here is my resume.

– Well, will you answer some questions?

You graduated from . . . , didn’t you?

You don’t have any work experience, do you?

are/how old/you?

married/you/are?

have/children/ you/do?

good at/ what/you/are ?

you/have/do/any questions?

• Are there any promotion prospects?

• Sure, and there’s a very good training scheme (for your information).

• What about the pay?

• We’re going to pay you . . . .

• What are the working hours?

• From . . . till . . . , five days a week except Saturday and Sunday.

• Do I get dinner free?

• Do I get a company car?

• How long are the holidays?

• There’s a five-week holiday allowance.

You’re welcome.

Right you are.

Sure.

I see.

Great.

Good.

It’s a pity!

. . . . , I’m afraid.

IT WORKSHOP Oxford University Press