Ф.7.11-19

Madyarova G.B.

Metrological provision of production

course of lectures

Shymkent, 2014

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

M.Auezov South Kazakhstan State University

Chair «Standardization and certification»

Madyarova G.B.

Metrological provision of production

course of lectures

for students of a specialty 5В073200 «Standardization, metrology and certification»

Study: Full-time, distance

Shymkent, 2014

Lecture 1

Introduction. Subject, objectives and content of the discipline. A Brief History of the study subjects. Communication of metrological support of production of metrology, standardization of quality control, methods and means of measurement values. Meaning of metrological support in improving production efficiency and product quality control. Metrological assurance phases of the life cycle of the product - "loop quality."

The knowledge the person of world around is inseparably linked with supervision and experiments. Obtaining information in the course of supervision and experiments is based on measurements. Throughout all history of development of a science and equipment before the person arose and there is a set of questions and problems for which decision it is necessary to have quantitative information on this or that property of objects of a material world (the phenomenon, process, substance, a product, a body, etc.). The main way of obtaining such information are measurements at which correct performance there is a result of measurement, with bigger or smaller accuracy reflecting interesting properties of object of knowledge.

Measurements play the major role human lives and are an initial step of knowledge which often does not exceed empirical level. As as criterion of truth practice always serves (i.e., experiment), results of measurements very often represent itself as criterion of truth. Measurements do ideas of properties of the world surrounding us fuller and clear. It is possible to tell that progress in science and technicians is defined by degree of perfection of measurements and measuring devices. Thus, measurements are a source of our scientific and practical knowledge. As Max Planck told, in physics there is only that it is possible to measure.

Consideration subject in the real course of lectures is the metrology - a science about measurements, methods and means of ensuring of their unity and ways of achievement of demanded accuracy. The main problems of metrology treat: а) general theory of measurements; б) formation of units of physical sizes and their systems; в) methods and measuring instruments; г) methods of determination of accuracy of measurements (theory of errors of measurements); д) bases of ensuring unity of measurements and uniformity of measuring instruments (legislative metrology): е) creation of standards and exemplary measuring instruments,) methods of transfer of the sizes of units from standards exemplary and further - to working measuring instruments.

Origin in the territory of the CIS of metrological service belongs to 1842 when the law on measures and the scales was issued, providing creation of the metrological institution first in Russia – Depot of exemplary measures. Bases of domestic metrology were put by D.I.Mendeleyev, having based in 1893 the Main Board of Weights and Measures into which tasks entered not only storage of standards and ensuring checking on them of measuring instruments, but also carrying out scientific researches in the field of metrology. Then in Russia local testing chambers started to be created.

The history of development of equipment of electric measurements is connected with names of M of Century of Lomonosov and George Wilhelm Rikhman which in the forties the 18th centuries designed the first-ever electric device called by them the index of electric force. In the second half 18 – the first half of 19 centuries outstanding scientists of Volts, the Pendent, Ohm, Faradey and others continued creation of other types of devices. In particular, the law of Ohm was open at supervision of interaction of a wire with a current, close to a magnetic needle, - a prototype of modern devices of magnetoelectric system. By means of the same device Faradey established the law of an electromagnetic induction. In the second half of the 19th eyelid the essential contribution to development of electric devices was brought Alexander Grigoryevich Stoletov, Boris Semenovich (Moritz Herman) by Yakobi and especially Mikhail Osipovich Dolivo-Dobrovolsky who has offered electromagnetic and some other devices, the founder of equipment of a three-phase current.

The first measuring devices were used only for a relative assessment of physical size. Such situation remained until electric measures were defined. In the beginning these measures created by certain scientists in the different countries, were not identical. However it allowed to make nevertheless measurements though also not in the standard units, and did possible mutual checking of these measures and comparison of results of experiences.

Originally the metrology was engaged in different description of measures (linear, capacity of weight, time), and also the coins applied in the different countries, and ratios between them. The conclusion in 1875 of the Metric convention and establishment of the International bureau of measures and scales as the center providing unity of measurements internationally became a turning point in development of metrology. Thus in a broad sense the unity of measurements is understood as the characteristic of quality of the measurements, being that their results are expressed in the legalized units which sizes are equal in the established limits to the sizes of the reproduced sizes, and errors of results of measurements are known with the set probability and do not leave out of the established limits. According to the law of Republic of Belarus «About ensuring unity of measurements», unity of measurements - a condition of measurements at which their results are expressed in terms of the sizes established by the legislation, and an error of the measurements known with set probability.

On the international congresses on an electricity (1881, 1893) accepted being applied and till our time practical system of the electric and magnetic units which are based on the international units of ampere and ohm.

Introduction of equipment of measurements coincided from the beginning of development of systems of a radio communication and radio engineering. The founder of domestic radio measuring equipment academician Mikhail Vasilyevich Shuleykin who has organized in 1913 the first factory laboratory on production of measuring devices is considered. The big contribution to development of equipment of measurements was brought by academician Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam who has created at the beginning of the 20th century a prototype of a modern electronic oscillograph.

Measurements penetrate all spheres of engineering activity. The engineer should have a fair idea of possibilities of measuring equipment to provide interchangeability of products, devices and knots of radio-electronic equipment. The knowledge of modern standards, rules, norms and requirements in the field of measurements are also obligatory for the experts who are engaged in management and the organization of production.

Successfully to cope with numerous and various problems of radio measurements, it is necessary to master a number of the general principles of their decision, to define the uniform scientific and legislative base providing in practice high quality of measurements, irrespective of where and for what purpose they are carried out. Such base is the metrology.

Subject of metrology is extraction of quantitative information on properties of objects and processes with the set accuracy and reliability. Means of metrology is a set of measuring instruments and the metrological standards providing their rational use.

Measurements are carried out not only in equipment. In measurements are engaged both psychologists, and sociologists, and representatives of many other directions which are not relating to "exact" sciences. For example, intelligence quotient of the person widely known in psychology call intelligence measurement.

The metrology includes the general theory of measurements of physical sizes, establishes and regulates units of physical sizes and their system, an order of transfer of the sizes of units from standards to exemplary and working measuring instruments, methods and measuring instruments, the general methods of processing of results of measurements and an assessment of their accuracy.

For obtaining measuring information both arising thus scientific and technical questions the measuring equipment is engaged in problems of creation and application of measuring instruments. A fundamental basis of measuring equipment is metrological providing. Metrological ensuring any measurements lies on four bases: scientific, normative and technical, organizational and legal (legislative).

For the management of all activity and maintenance of unity of measurements in Belarus the metrological service consisting of Public service, headed by the State committee on standardization (Gosstandart of Republic of Belarus), and the territorial centers of standardization, metrology and certification is created.

The metrology shares on three independent, but interconnected undressed: scientific, legislative and applied.

Scientific (theoretical) metrology, being base of measuring equipment, is engaged in studying of problems of measurement as a whole and elements forming measurement: means and devices of measurements, physical sizes and their units, methods and measurement techniques, results and errors of measurements and so forth.

Normative and technical basis of metrological providing is the complex of state standards, among which:

System of the state standards of units of physical sizes;

System of transfer of the sizes of units of physical sizes from standards or initial exemplary measuring instruments to subordinate measuring instruments according to the testing scheme;

System of development, statement on production and release in the address of the measuring instruments providing definition with demanded accuracy of characteristics of production, technological processes and other objects in the sphere of production of goods, at scientific researches and other kinds of activity;

System of obligatory state tests of measuring instruments;

System of obligatory state and departmental checking or metrological certification of measuring instruments;

System of standard samples of structure and properties of substances and the materials, providing reproduction of units of the sizes characterizing structure and properties of substances and materials;

System of standard help data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials;

General methods of rationing of an assessment and control of metrological characteristics of measuring instruments.

Organizational basis of metrological providing is the RB metrological service consisting of state and territorial metrological services, RB headed by Gosstandart. In the work it is based on basic provisions of legislative metrology.

The section of the metrology including complexes of interconnected general rules, requirements and norms, and also questions of a regulation and the state control, the unities of measurements directed on ensuring and uniformity of measuring instruments is called as legislative metrology.

Important part of metrological providing is its legal basis. In each country complexes of state standards operate, in RB they are incorporated in System of Ensuring Unity of Measurements (SOEI or GSI). Thanks to it the uniform nomenclature of standard rules and provisions, requirements and the norms relating to the organization and a technique of estimation and ensuring of accuracy of measurements is established.

Bodies of metrological service carry out supervision of measuring instruments that provides their uniformity. In metrology, as well as in any other science, any interpretation of applied terms, therefore one of the STB P8021-2003 main metrological documents (RMG 29-99) «SOEI RB is inadmissible. Metrology. The main terms and definitions» (The preliminary state standard of Republic of Belarus) specially regulates terminology in the field of metrology.

The practical (applied) metrology is devoted to questions of practical application of development theoretical and provisions of legislative metrology.

Now wide applications in metrology the kvalimetriya – the doctrine about methods and measurement receptions (is more exact received, estimations) qualities. In recent years it was created and successfully the new direction in metrology and radio measuring equipment – computer and measuring systems and their version – virtual devices develops. The virtual device is the special payment established in the personal computer or the external device, connected through LTP port in a complex with the corresponding software. Depending on a used payment and the software the user receives the measuring device under this or that metrological task. It is obvious that many metrological and research tasks in the near future will be solved by means of and virtual devices.

Lecture 2

Objectives of metrological support. The main tasks of metrological support. Tasks of metrological provision Solved experts on the lifecycle of products. Metrological provision of pre-production.

Metrological providing — establishment and application of the scientific and organizational bases, technical means, rules and norms necessary for achievement of unity and the demanded accuracy of measurements.

Main objectives of metrological providing are:

improvement of quality of production, effective management of production and level of automation of productions;

ensuring interchangeability of details, knots and units, creation of necessary conditions for cooperation of production and development of specialization;

increase of efficiency of research and developmental works, experiments and tests;

ensuring reliability of the account and increase of efficiency of use of material values and energy resources;

increase of efficiency of actions for prevention, rationing and control of working conditions and life of people, to environmental protection, assessment and rational use of natural resources;

increase of level of automation of management of transport and safety of its movement;

quality providing and reliability of communication.

The state committee in the field of standardization, metrology and quality of production, carries out the solution of the following main objectives of metrological providing:

definition of the main directions of development of metrological providing and ways of the most effective use of scientific and technical achievements in this area;

development of scientific and methodical, technical and economic, legal and organizational bases of metrological providing at all levels of management of a national economy;

the organization and carrying out basic scientific researches for research and use of new physical effects for the purpose of creation and improvement of methods and measuring instruments of the highest accuracy and determination of values of physical constants;

ensuring unity of measurements in the country, standardization of basic provisions, rules, requirements and norms of metrological providing, development and improvement of GSI;

establishment of units of physical quantities allowed to application;

establishment of system of the state standards of units physical, sizes, their creation, statement, improvement and storage;

establishment of a uniform order of transfer of the sizes of units of physical quantities from the state standards to all measuring instruments;

development of interindustry programs of metrological providing and organization of works on their implementation;

scientific and methodical management of development of comprehensive programs of metrological providing branches of a national economy;

creation and improvement of working standards and model measuring instruments of the highest accuracy, planning and coordination of development of complex testing installations and laboratories;

establishment of uniform requirements to metrological characteristics measuring instruments; ,

establishment of an order, planning and carrying out the state tests of the measuring instruments intended for mass or mass production and their input from abroad by parties, the statement of types of the measuring instruments allowed to application in the USSR;

state checking of measuring instruments;

establishment of the general requirements to standard samples of structure and properties of substances and materials;

implementation of the management of public service of standard help data, public service of standard examples of substances and materials, public service of time and frequency and ensuring their development;

state supervision of production, state, application and repair of measuring instruments, and observance of metrological rules, requirements and norms, and also of activity of departmental metrological services;

organization and performance of especially exact measurements;

the organization and implementation of preparation and professional development of shots in the field of metrology;

the organization of works on the international cooperation in metrology, ensuring unity and the demanded accuracy of the measurements necessary for international trade, scientific and technical and economic cooperation;

coordination of works on metrological providing with needs of defense of the country;

the organization and implementation of scientific and technical information in the field of metrological providing and exhibiting at a constant exhibition of the measuring instruments intended for mass or mass production and import from abroad by parties.

The solution of the main objectives in the field of metrological providing at the branch level carries out the ministry (department).

It is possible to distinguish two groups from these tasks: problems of ensuring unity of measurements and additional, specific to activities for metrological providing a task which treat:

choice of the nomenclature of parameters of meterial, products, the processes which are subject to an assessment at measurements, tests and control;

choice of the nomenclature and numerical values of indicators of the accuracy (reliability) of results of measurements, tests and control, the forms of their representation providing the optimum solution of tasks for which these results are intended;

metrological examination of project, design and technological documentation for the purpose of control of correctness of results of the solution of two previous tasks;

planning of processes of measurements, tests and control, development of measurement techniques, tests and control;

ensuring processes of measurements, tests and control by the appropriate technical means (measuring instruments, test equipment, control devices);

maintenance of technical means in metrological working order;

performance of processes of measurements, tests and control, processing of results of measurements, tests and control (when it is required).

Unlike tasks of ensuring unity of measurements which decision is assigned to bodies of metrological service, various professional categories, production divisions and collectives have to solve additional group of problems of metrological providing:

choice of the rational nomenclature of the measured (controlled) sizes, parameters - designers, developers of new materials, products or processes on the basis of studying and their modeling (materials, products or processes) of properties;

choice of norms of accuracy - "consumers" of measuring information, i.e. for whom are intended and who will make, exchange (at trade) or to use new substances, products or processes;

metrological examination - professionally prepared Troupes of experts including designers, technologists and specialists of departmental metrological services;

shinirovaniye and carrying out measurements, tests and control - the scientific and technical personnel which is developing and carrying out technological processes of production of materials and products;

ensuring processes of measurements, tests and control with technical means - in the centralized order of the ministry (department), being developers of measuring instruments, tests and control; in decentralized (for example, non-standard measuring instruments and control, the test equipment) — the enterprises and the organizations which are carrying out operations of measurements, tests and control;

maintenance of technical means in good repair — the organizations and the enterprises which are carrying out repair of measuring instruments, tests and control.

Thus, all departmental bodies and technical services connected with "production and consumption" measuring information with standard and instrument ensuring processes of its receiving have to participate in the decision of this group of problems of metrological providing.

We will stop on a choice of the nomenclature and numerical values of indicators of the accuracy (reliability) of results of measurements, tests and control of the forms of their representation providing the optimum solution of tasks for which these results are intended in more detail. In this connection we will consider concept about the optimum accuracy of measurements chosen for a concrete class of measuring tasks according to certain technical and economic reasons.

For example, the choice of norms of accuracy of measurements which results are used at quality control of production, is dictated by the allowed values of probabilities of marriage of control (probabilities to reject suitable and to pass an unusable product). The accuracy of izmeryoyiya is higher, the probability of marriage of control and the less economic losses connected with repeated (unproductive) control suitable and operation of defective products is less. However increase of accuracy of measurements demands material inputs. Therefore, in this case such accuracy of measurements with which the sum of costs of ensuring control (with an optimum accuracy) and economic losses from possible marriage of control will be minimum will be optimum.

Thus, activities for metrological providing any scientific, technical and social tasks have to be based on the basis of the certain technical and economic indicators characterizing its level, efficiency and influence on the general criteria of quality of the solution of these tasks (the full system of such indicators is not developed now yet and it is the major problem on a joint of metrology, economy and the organization of production).

The ultimate goal of metrological providing, as appears from stated above, - to reduce possibility of adoption of wrong decisions on results of measurements, tests and control of raw materials, materials, products and processes to a rational minimum.

Achievement of this purpose requires the complex solution of all problems of metrological providing.