Упражнения

Упр.1.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1.Усовершенствовать, 2. затравка, специальный порошок для зажигания,

3. установить в нужное положение, 4. компенсировать последствия усадки,

5. расстояние, на которое раздвигают детали, 6. огнеупорный песок. 7. по мере заполнения, 8. восковой шаблон, 9. выпор, 10. отводить пламя, 11. подбросить несколько полных лопат формовочной смеси, 12. покрытый изнутри, 13. асбестовая шайба, 14. стальные обрезки, 15. замедлить интенсивность реакции.

Упр.2. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания из текста:

1. Ground fire brick, 2. the mixture is packed hard with a rammer, 3. preheating gate, 4. the collar of the weld, 5. to withdraw a pattern, 6.to bring to a bright red heat, 7. to be thoroughly dried, 8. to plug with an iron plug, 9. well-packed mixture, 10. a ring of magnesia stone, 11. the charge of thermit, 12. multiplied by, 13. pure manganese, 14. tea-spoonful of, 15. to anneal the steel/

Unit 37. REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING HULLS

In making ship hulls weld connections are to be executed according to the approved plans. A detail not specifically represented in the plans is, if any, to comply with the applicable requirements. Welding various types of steel is to be carried out by means of welding procedures approved for the purpose, even though an explicit indication to this effect may not appear on the approved plans.

The quality standard adopted by the shipyard is to be submitted to the Society and applies to all constructions unless otherwise specified on a case by case basis.

The service temperature is intended to be the ambient temperature, unless otherwise stated.

Welding consumables and procedures

Welding consumables and welding procedures adopted are to be approved by the Society. The approval of the welding procedure is not required in the case of manual metal arc welding with approved covered electrodes, except in the case of one side welding on refractory backing (ceramic).

Consumables used for manual or semi-automatic welding (covered electrodes, flux-cored and flux-coated wires) of higher strength hull structural steels are to be at least of hydrogen-controlled grade H15 (H). Where the carbon equivalent is not more than 0.41% and the thickness is below 30 mm, any type of approved higher strength consumables may be used at the discretion of the Society. Especially, welding consumables with hydrogen-controlled grade H15 (H) and H10 (HH) shall be used for welding hull steel forgings and castings of respectively ordinary strength level and higher strength level. Welding consumables approved for welding higher strength steels (Y) may be used in lieu of those approved for welding normal strength steels having the same or a lower grade. In case of welded connections between two hull structural steels of different grades, as regards strength or notch toughness, welding consumables appropriate to one or the other steel are to be adopted.

Manual and semi-automatic welding is to be performed by welders certified by the Society as specified in the “Guide for the certification of welders and welding inspectors”; the welders are to be employed within the limits of their respective approval. Personnel manning automatic welding machines and equipment are to be competent and sufficiently trained.

The internal organization of the shipyard is to be such as to ensure compliance with the requirements in [1.4.1] and [1.4.2] and to provide for assistance and inspection of welding personnel, as necessary, by means of a suitable number of competent supervisors.

Non-destructive tests are to be carried out by qualified personnel, certified by the Society, or by recognized bodies in compliance with appropriate standards. The qualifications are to be appropriate to the specific applications.

Technical equipment and facilities

The welding equipment is to be appropriate to the adopted welding procedures, of adequate output power and such as to provide for stability of the arc in different welding positions. In particular, the welding equipment for special welding procedures is to be provided with adequate and duly calibrated measuring instruments, enabling easy and accurate reading, and adequate devices for easy regulation and regular feed.

Manual electrodes, wires and fluxes are to be stored in suitable locations so as to ensure their preservation in proper condition. Especially, where consumables with hydrogen-controlled grade are to be used, proper precautions are to be taken to ensure that manufacturer’s instructions are followed to obtain (drying) and maintain (storage, maximum time exposed, re-backing) hydrogen-controlled grade.

For various structural details typical of welded construction in shipbuilding and not dealt with in this Section, the rules of good practice, recognized standards and past experience are to apply as agreed by the Society.

The plates of the shell and strength deck are generally to be arranged with their length in the fore-aft direction. Possible exceptions to the above will be considered by the Society on a case-by-case basis; tests as deemed necessary (for example, transverse impact tests) may be required by the Society. Particular consideration is to be given to the overall arrangement and structural details of highly stressed parts of the hull.

Prefabrication sequences are to be arranged so as to facilitate positioning and assembling as far as possible.

The amount of welding to be performed on board is to be limited to a minimum and restricted to easily accessible connections.

Welds located too close to one another are to be avoided. The minimum distance between two adjacent welds is considered on a case by case basis, taking into account the level of stresses acting on the connected elements. In general, the distance between two adjacent butts in the same strake of shell or deck plating is to be greater than two frame spaces.

VOCABULARY

Ship hull - корпус судна

Approved (plan) – утвержденный план

Society – зд. компания-заказчик

On case-by-case basis – в каждом отдельном случае

Ambient temperature – температура окружающей среды

on refractory backing – на огнеупорной подкладке

at the discretion of Society – на усмотрение заказчика

in lieu of – вместо

appropriate – - соответствующий, надлежащий

calibrate - проверять

strake – лист, пластина

plating – листовая обшивка

frame - шпангоут

notch – выемка, бороздка

shell - обшивка

strength deck

fore - нос

aft - корма

transverse impact test - испытание на удар в поперечной плоскости

prefabricated sequences – готовые, сборные фрагменты