How do you know if a car's engine is in good shape?

1. Compression test. This tests the state of the 'bottom half' of the engine and the valves and seats. All cylinders should be within 5 psi, and near the high end of spec.	A. … to manufacturer's specification.
2. Running compression test. Similar to above, but also identifies the presence of many valve-train problems such as cam wear and valve lash that a regular compression test will not pick up on.	B. … or coolant in the oil pan.
3. Compare oil pressure at idle …	C. The head(s) should have a consistent temperature, and the block should also have a consistent (not the same as heads though) temperature.
4. Visually look for external leaks, …	D. If your compression gauge is old or of poor quality or the vehicle battery is suspect, look only for equality between cylinders, not comparison to spec.
5. Visually look for oil in the radiator …	E. … especially at gaskets and freeze plugs.
6. Use a non-contact thermometer to measure the temperature of engine block and head(s) at multiple locations after the engine has been idling for several minutes.	F. The regular test is still important though because the running test is less sensitive to effects of worn rings and cylinder walls.

Exercise 8. Read the following text “What is the Application of Geometry to Civil Engineering?” and answer the questions given below: What is the Application of Geometry to Civil Engineering?

Of all the Engineering disciplines, Civil Engineering uses Geometry the most. Geometry means "to measure the earth" and clearly Civil Engineers involved in surveying are doing precisely that. By the way, in some languages, such as Arabic, the word for "engineering" also means "geometry"

More generally, Geometry involves the analysis of shapes and the relationships among them. Civil Engineers must know how to design and assemble shapes to construct buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels, highway systems, etc. The geometry of those shapes determines their functionality.

For the shapes used, a Civil Engineer must understand and know how to compute such quantities as lengths, areas, volumes, centroids, moments of inertia, and curvatures, and must be able to determine the spatial relationship among these shapes.

Advanced software breaks up objects into elemental pieces (e.g., triangles, pyramids, cubes) to determine the stresses and strains within them.

Descriptive Geometry helps Civil Engineers visualize structures and objects and engage in their design and analysis.

Fractal Geometry (the newest branch of Geometry) is used by Civil Engineers to analyze such entities as the friction between objects, the clumping of materials, and the porosity of soils, all of which involve geometric patterns that repeat on an ever decreasing scale.

Questions:

1. Which discipline of Engineering uses Geometry the most?

2. Who is involved in surveying process?

3. What does engineering mean in Arabic?

4. What does Geometry involve?

5. What must Civil Engineers know?

6. How are objects broken up by advanced software?

7. What does Descriptive Geometry do?

8. What does Fractal Geometry deal with?

Exercise 9. Read about Four Geometry Shapes of Bridges and match the texts with the pictures given below:

The Four Kinds of Bridges:

Text 1. An arch bridge can be designed so that no part of it has to withstand tension. Concrete is well suited to arched bridge design. When reinforced concrete is used, a more elegant and sometimes less costly arch can be designed and most concrete arch bridges are reinforced.

Text 2. A suspension bridge consists, basically, of a deck suspended from cables slung between high towers. The cables of high tensile steel wire can support an immense weight. The towers are in compression and the deck, often consisting of a long slender truss (used as a hollow beam), is supported at frequent intervals along its length.

Text 3. A cantilever bridge is generally carried by two beams, each supported at one end. Unlike a simple beam supported at both ends, the cantilever must resist tension in its upper half and compression in its lower.

Text 4. The beam or truss bridge is, in effect, a pair of girders supporting a deck spanning the gap between two piers. Such a beam has to withstand both compression in its upper parts and tension in its lower parts. Where it passes over supports, other forces come into play. A beam may be a hollow box girder or an open frame or truss.

Exercise 10. Separate the following text “The Fifth Type of Bridge Shape” into words and sentences and read and translate it into Russian:

Afifthtypearrivedonthescenein1952thefirstmoderncablestayedbridgeswerebuiltingermanyandswedentherearealsomanyothercompositeformsofbridgesthebridlechordbridgeisacombinationofalongbeamusuallyatrussedgirderpartiallysupportedbysteelwiresfromatoweratoneendorfromtowersateachendmostcantileverbridgesaredesignedsothatagapremainsbetweentwocantileveredarmsthatreachoutfromtheirabutmentsthegapisbridgedbyasimplebeam.

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