Срс 5. Word-composition

Word-composition is one of the most productive types of word-formation. It consists in joining together two or more stems to form one compound word. A compound is a unit of vocabulary that consists of more than one lexical stem. Compound words may be described from different points of view and consequently may be classified according to different principles:

1. Of the parts of speech compound words represent:

   1. nouns: night-gown, waterfall, looking-glass;

   2. verbs: to honeymoon, to outgrow;

   3. adjectives: peace-loving, hard-working, penny wise;

   4. adverbs: downstairs, lip-deep;

   5. prepositions: within;

   6. numerals: thirty-seven;

2. Of the means of composition used to link the two iCs together:

   1. neutral - formed by joining together two stems without connecting elements (juxtaposition), e.g. scarecrow, goldfish, crybaby;

   2. morphological - components are joined by a linking element, i.e. vowels V and '?" or the consonant's', e.g. videophone, tragicomic, handicraft, craftsman, microchip;

   3. syntactical - the components are joined by means of form-word stems, e.g. man-of-war, forget-me-not, bread-and- butter, face-to-face;

3. Of degree of semantic independence of components:

a) subordinative compounds (world-wide, snow-white); instrumental or agentive relations (sunrise, dogbite); relations of purpose (bookshelf); emphatic relations (dead-cheap); functional relations (bathrobe, textbook); sex relations (he-goat); various relations of adverbial type (colour-blind), etc.

b) coordinative compounds (copulative or additive) where both components are semantically independent fall into three groups: reduplicative compounds made up by the repetition of the same base, e.g. goody-goody, go-go; compounds formed with the help of rhythmic stems, e.g. a walkie-talkie, boogie-woogie, chit-chat; additive compounds are built on stems of the independently functioning words of the same part of speech. They denote a person or an object that is two things at the same time, e.g. Afro-American, a secretary-stenographer;

4. Of the order of iCs compounds may be:

   1. syntactic - formed by merely placing components in direct order that resembles the order of words in free phrases, e.g. blacklist handcuffs, a turnkey;

   2. asyntactic are compounds with indirect order (the order of bases runs counter to the order in which the motivating words can be brought together), e.g. oil-rich, rain-driven;

5. Of their structure:

   1. compounds proper are formed by joining together two stems, e.g .film-star, earthquake;

   2. compound-derived words (stem + affixes), e.g. long-legged, broad-minded, globe-trotter, a two-seater;

   3. compound-shortened words, e.g. h-bag, A-bomb;

d) compounds where at least one of the constituents is a compound stem: wastepaper-basket;