- •Л. Л. Баранова
- •L. L. Baranova
- •Isbn 978-5-7429-0346-8
- •Foreword
- •Introduction
- •The Dialectical Unity of the Oral and Written Forms of English.
- •Their Interrelationship. Feature Level vs. Semantic Level.
- •The Segmental and Suprasegmental Approaches
- •Levels of cognition
- •The English Articulation Basis
- •Phonotactics
- •False etymology
- •High fall
- •Low Fall
- •Exclamation Mark
- •The Comma41
- •Subordination
- •The Semicolon45
- •The Colon
- •The Dash
- •The Indented Line
- •Conclusion
- •English consonant clusters
- •Postvocalic clusters
- •Intervocalic clusters
- •Syllabification
- •Accentual Types of Words
- •The Minimal Pairs Approach
- •The Rules of Reading56
- •I. In accented syllables
- •II. In unaccented syllables.
- •I. In accented syllables
- •II. In unaccented syllables
- •I. In accented syllables
- •II. In unaccented syllables.
- •I. In accented syllables
- •II. In unaccented syllables
- •I. In accented syllables
- •References
- •Contents
Intervocalic clusters
Intervocalic consonant clusters consist of two main types:
those which conform to the pattern of prevocalic and postvocalic clusters, e.g. [sp] — lisping,
those which do not, e.g. [kp].
The latter type is of interest mostly in connection with the loss of juncture, as in Jackpot [d3sekpot], inkpress [irjkpres].
APPENDIX 5
The International Phonetic Association
The association was inaugurated in 1886, under the title of “The Phonetic Teachers’ Association” by a small group of language teachers who had found phonetic theory and transcription of value in connection with their work, and who wished to popu-71
larize the methods that they found so useful. A journal “Dhi Fonetik Titčer” was started in May, 1886, under the editorship of Paul Passy. It was a unique periodical because its contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcript.
It should be noted that such outstanding linguists as Otto Jespersen and Henry Sweet were members of the Association. Incidentally, the idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet which should be applicable to all languages was first put forward by Otto Jespersen in a letter to Paul Passy. This idea was taken up with enthusiasm by other members, and after consultations extending over more than two years the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet was drawn up. It was published, in “Dhi Fonetik Titčer” in August, 1888, together with a set of principles, explaining its construction and use, adduced below:
When two sounds occurring in a given language are employed for distinguishing one word from another, they should whenever possible be represented by two distinct letters without diacritical marks. Ordinary roman (Latin) letters should be used as far as may be practicable, but recourse must be had to new letters when those of the roman alphabet are inadequate.
When two sounds are so near acoustically that there is no likelihood of their being employed in any language for distinguishing words, they should, as a rule, be represented by the same letter. Separate letters or diacritical marks may, however, be used to distinguish them in “Narrow” transcriptions or scientific investigations.
The non-roman letters of the IP A Alphabet have been designed to harmonize well with the roman letters (9, for example, is a form of Greek “theta”).
APPENDIX 6
Syllabification
This is a tremendously important scientific subject. Many special papers have been devoted to it,51 and it has been studied from different points of view. As far as the present manual is concerned,
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there is only a limited number of facts that we require because we cannot possibly even try to discuss all the different theories and all the more general problems of this branch of linguistics.
First, the whole system of indicating pronunciation without re-spelling (the rules of reading) depends fully on a sufficiently clear idea of what are the parts of words which normally carry stress (primary or secondary). If one cannot divide a word into syllables (provided a word consists of more than one syllable), one cannot use the rules of reading. Moreover, the whole system of English vowels is based on the opposition of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Secondly, syllabification forms part of the orthography. When books are printed, a long text is divided into “pages”. A page contains a certain number of lines and a certain number of letters per line. If a word has to be divided between two lines, there must be a set of principles on which this division (or breaking up words at the end of lines) is based.52 Some purely orthographic rules have already been formulated. Nevertheless, this aspect of book printing still presents certain difficulties, because when it comes to breaking up words at the end of lines the rules are never purely phonetic or simply orthographic, but very often all the different factors have to be taken into consideration at the same time. There are quite a number of cases which are not covered by a simple set of rules, (e.g. book-ish, mat-ter, but, table, shuffled).
APPENDIX 7