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Complications of General anesthesia. Respiratory complications.

Hypoxia and hypercapnia invariably lead to disruption of acid-base balance in the blood, which, in turn, can cause a number of complications.

The cause of hypoxia and hypercapnia can be:

1. Obstruction of the respiratory tract:

a) sunken language, this complication is observed when anesthesia mask at the time of achieving the surgical stage of anesthesia. Decreases the tonus of the masticatory musculature, the lower jaw drops down and drags with it the tongue, which is pressed against the posterior pharyngeal wall, closes the entrance to the larynx. Under endotracheal anesthesia is a complication observed during induction of anesthesia and sometimes late after extubation.

b) a foreign body. Most often it is either a broken tooth, or sleeping prosthesis (crown).

b) mucus, sputum, blood.

d) gastric contents during vomiting and regurgitation syndrome Mendelssohn – spasm, cyanosis.

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2. Laryngospasm – closure of the true vocal cords, causing the closure of the lumen of the larynx. It arises from irritation of the mucous mucus, blood, pairs of anesthetics, rough intubation, and may reflex.

3. Bronchospasm. Arises from injected drugs (cyclopropane, neostigmine).

4. Pulmonary edema. Accumulation of fluid (transudate in the alveoli and interstin. tissue). Causes: poor circulation with increased blood pressure in the small circle.

5. Oppression of breathing and apnea. Cause: overdose of drugs, prolongation of the action of muscle relaxants, hyperventilation in the time of anesthesia.

6. Atelectasis of the lungs of all or part of a lung.

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Hemodynamic complications

1. Violation of the frequency and rhythm of heart rate (tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia).

2. Cardiac arrest, syncope. Cause: overdose of drugs, b) irritation of the vagus nerves

3. Large blood loss

4. Hypoxia, hypercapnia

5. Hyperkalemia