Useful expressions:

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverb
rise (to) increase (to)	a rise an increase	dramatic sharp	Dramatically sharply
go up to grow (to)	growth	huge steep	hugely steeply
climb (to) boom	a climb a boom	substantial considerable	substantially considerably
peak (at) fall (to)	(reach) a peak (at) a fall (of)	significant marked	significantly markedly
decline (to) decrease (to)	a decline (of) a decrease (of)	moderate slight	moderately slightly
dip (to) drop (to)	a dip (of) a drop (of)	small minimal	minimally
go down (to) reduce (to)	a reduction (of)
a slump level out	a leveling out
no change remain stable (at)	no change
remain steady (at) stay (at)
stay constant (at) maintain the same level

Describing the Speed of a Change

Adjectives	Adverbs
Rapid Quick Swift Sudden Steady Gradual Slow	Rapidly Quickly Swiftly Suddenly Steadily Gradually Slowly

Useful expressions

The graph shows / indicates / depicts / illustrates

From the graph it is clear. It can be seen from the graph

As can be seen from the graph,

As is shown / illustrated by the graph,

Example: The graph shows the percentage of children using supplements in a place over a year.

Useful time expressions: 

over the next... / for the following... (for the following two months... over the next six months...), from ... to / between ... and (from June to August... between June and August...),

during (during the first three months...)

ЗРАЗОК

The graph shows the number of travelers from various parts of the world entering Hong Kong for the years from 2002 to 2009. It can clearly be seen that there has been* a large increase in the number of Mainland Chinese visitors, while figures for visitors from Asia as well as other areas of the world have only shown* a slight growth.

The numbers of Mainland Chinese visiting Hong Kong have risen considerably over this time period. In 2002 there were nearly 7 million Mainland Chinese visitors, similar to the figure for other parts of Asia and just over double that for non-Asian travelers. This number climbed to approximately 8 million in 2003, then rose dramatically by 4 million to just over 12 million only one year later. Since 2004 there has been a steady increase, with around 18 million Mainland Chinese travelers visiting Hong Kong in 2009. This is more than double the number for that year of other visitors from Asia, and around four times the figures for non-Asian visitors.

The figures for travelers from other parts of the world show similar trends: first a dip of roughly one-third the total number of visitors from 2002 to 2003, then slow growth until 2007 followed by a leveling out. Overall, the numbers of Asian tourists rose by 1 million from just under 7 million in 2002 to roughly 8 million seven years later, while the corresponding figures for visitors from non-Asian parts of the world were roughly 3 million and 4.5 million respectively.

To sum up, in recent years Hong Kong has become an increasingly popular destination for visitors, especially people from mainland China who currently outnumber those from all other parts of the world combined.

Titles

Titles are important components of academic and research writing, "responsible" for gaining readers' attention and facilitating positive perceptions of any kind of written research. The following requirements for good academic titles can be suggested:

• The title should indicate the topic of the study.

• The title should indicate the scope of the study (i.e., neither overstating nor understating its significance).

• The title should be self-explanatory to readers in the chosen area."

Titles may have quite different syntactic structures. The main structural types of English titles are as follows.

1. Nominative constructions, that is titles with one or more nouns as principal elements.

• Genetic an d Environmental Influence s o n Serum Lipid Levels in Twin s

• A Scrip t of Today s Russia n Feminist Biography

2. "Colon"-titles consisting of two parts separated by a colon.

• The Immigration History Research Center' s Ukrainian Collection : Stud y in Bibliographic Access through Compute r Systems

• The Rotor-Ti p Vortex: Structure an d Interaction s

3. Titles consisting of two parts (of different syntactic types) separated by a punctuation mark other than the colon. These constructions are close in their rhetorical features to "colon"-titles.

• Born Again? The Ethics an d Efficacy o f the Conversion Experience i n Contemporary Management Development

• Lagrangian Stochasie Modeling of Dispersion fro m Theory to Practice

4. Verbal constructions, that is titles containing a non-finite form of a verb as a principal element.

• Solving Short Wav e Problem s Using Special Finite Element s

• Analyzing an d Teaching Research Genre s

5. Titles in the form of complete sentences.

• Language is no t a Physical Object

• Learner Autonomy i s more than a Cultural Construct

There are also some other types of titles, which are, however, less widespread in English academic discourse.

1. Titles beginning with the prepositions on, to, toward(s).

• Toward a Sociocultural Theory o f Teacher Learning about Student Diversity

2. Nominative titles with the conjunction as.

• Writing as Language

• Autoantibodies against the High-Affinity Ig E Receptor as a Cause of Histamine Release in Chronic Urticaria

The types and length of titles vary across fields. Natural sciences usually use long, detailed nominative titles. Social sciences and humanities tend to use shorter but more diverse types of titles, often with the preference for "colon"-titles. Such titles separate ideas in the relation of "general-specific" with the first part indicating a research area and the second one naming an object/aspect of the investigation. "Colon"-titles may consist of the parts with quite different syntactic structures.