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- •Exercise 2. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 3, Comment on the use of the underlined adjectives.
- •Exercise 4. L»« the appropriate form of the adjective given in brackets.
- •Exercise 5. Translate into English.
- •Exercise в. Intensify the adjectives in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 7. Translate into Russian. Pay special attention to the degrees of comparison of the adjectives.
- •Exercise ft. Fill in appropriate articles before substantivized adjectives where necessary.
- •Exercise 10. Translate into English.
- •Humeral
- •Exercise 1, Comment on the use of the numerals in the following sentences,
- •Eiiircise 2. Write in words.
- •Exercise 3. Fill in appropriate articles where necessary.
- •Pronoun
- •Exercise 1. Insert the proper form of Ihe personal pronoun in brackets.
- •Exercise 2. Choose the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.
- •Exercise 3. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 4. Point out the reflexive and emphatic pronouns. State their functions. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 6. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 7. Lasert eecA other or о не another.
- •Exercise 8. Translate into English. Pay attention to the us* of the demonstrative pronouns.
- •Exercise 9. Substitute that or those for the repeated noun.
- •Exercise 10. Analyse the italicized pronouns and state whether they are relative, conjunctive or interrogative.
- •Exercise 11. Pill in conjunctive, relative or interrogative pronouns.
- •Ехетзе 12. Omit the relative pronouns where possible.
- •Exercise 13. Insert both in its proper place.
- •Exercise 14. Insert ell in its proper place.
- •Exercise 15. Insert each or every.
- •Exercise 16. Translate into English. Pay attention to the use of the pronouns each and every.
- •Exercise 17. Fill in either or neither.
- •Exercise 18. Insert either, neither or both. Translate the sentences iito Russian.
- •Exercise 10. Translate the sentences into English. Pay attention to the use of the pronouns bath, either, neither, all,
- •Exercise 20. Insert other or another and the definite article where necessary.
- •Exercise 21. Insert tome or any.
- •Exercise 22. Insert »ou, any or their compounds.
- •Exercise 23. Insert no, поле or their compounds.
- •Exercise 25. Supply the appropriate pronoun out of those girea in brackets.
- •Exercise 26. Define the meaning and function of the pronoun оле.
- •Exercise 2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adverbs:
- •Exercise 3. Use the correct form of the adverbs in brackets.
- •Exercise 4- State whether the italicized words are adjectives or adverbs.
- •Exercise 5. Choose the correct word in brackets.
- •Exercise 6. Translate the adverbs in brackets into English.
- •Exercise 1. Comment on the use of Present Indefinite and the Present Continuous.
- •Exercise 2. Use the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 3. Comment on the use of the Present Perfect. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 4. Comment on the use of the Present Perfect Continuous. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 5. Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 6. Use the required present tense instead of Ihe infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences into English using the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.
- •Exercise 8. Use the Past Indefinite instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 9. Translate the sentences using Ihe Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite.
- •Exercise 10. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 11. Comment on the use of the Past Continuous.
- •Exercise 12. Use (he Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 14. Comment on the use of the Put Perfect.
- •Exercise 15. Use the Past Indefinite or the Put Perfect instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 16. Comment on the use of the Past Perfect Continuous.
- •Exercise 19. Use the required past tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 20. Use the Present Indefinite or the Future Indefinite instead of the Infinitive* in brackets.
- •Exercise 21. Comment on the use of the Future Continuous and the Future Perfect.
- •Exercise 22 Use the required future or present tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •Exercise 23. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Exercise 1. Comment on the forms of the Passive Voice. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 2. Put the following into the Passive Voice.
- •Exercise 4. Put questions to the italicized parts.
- •Exercise 5. Use the required passive forms instead of the infinitive* in brackets.
- •Exercise 6. Use the required active or paeeive forms instead of the infin- tlires in brackets.
- •Gxercise 7. Translate the sentences into English using the Passive Voice.
- •Exercise 2. Comment on the use of the Subjunctive Mood in simple sentences.
- •Exercise 3. Comment on the use of the Oblique Moods in complex sentences with clauses of unreal condition. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 4. Change into sentences of unreal condition.
- •Bxercise 5. Supply the correct mood of the verbs in brackets.
- •Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences using the required Obliqn« Mood.
- •Exercise 7. Comment on the word order in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Exercise 9. Comment on the use of the Oblique Moods in the following sentences with clauses of unreal concession.
- •Exercise 10. Comment on the use at the Subjunctive Mood in object clauses after the тегЬ to wish and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exerciae 12. Supply the correct form of the Subjunctive Mood of the verbs in brackets.
- •Едегсйе 13. Translate into English using the Subjunctive Mood in object clauses.
- •Exercise 14. Comment on the use of the Subjunctive Mood in clauses introduced by a» if and as though.
- •Exercise 15. Supply the necessary forms of the Subjunctive Mood in clauses introduced by ая if and as though.
- •Exercise 16. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Exercise 17. Comment on the use of the Conditional Mood and translate the sentences into Itussian.
- •Exercise 18. Replace the infinitive* in brackets by the correct form of the Conditional Mood.
- •Exercise 19. Comment on the use of the synthetic forms of the Present Subjunctive and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 20. Translate ihe sentences into English.
- •Exercise 21. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the Oblique Mood.
- •Exercise 22. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the Oblique Mood.
- •Modal Verbs
- •Exercise 1. Say whether could is the form of the Indicative or of the Subjunctive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 2. Comment on the form and meaning of the verb can. Trane- late the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 3. Use the verb con in the correct form followed by the appropriate infinitive.
- •Exercise 4. Translate into English using the verb can.
- •Exercise 7. Fill in ihe blanks with the verbs can or may.
- •Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into English using can or may.
- •Exercise 10. Translate into English using the verb must.
- •Exercise 11. Fill in the blanks with the verba can, may or must.
- •Exercise 12. Comment on the meaning of have to and have got to. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with must, have to or be to.
- •Exercise is. Comment on the meaning of the modal verb need. Translate
- •The sentences Into Russian.
- •Exercise 16. Translate into English using cm, may, mutt, have to, be to
- •Or need,
- •Exercise 17. Comment on the meaning of the verb ought. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •EiercUe 18- Comment on the meaning of the verb should. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 19. State whether should is auxiliary or modal.
- •Exercise 20. Comment on the use of emotional thould. Pay attention to the structure of the questions it is found in.
- •Exercise 22. Fill in the blanks with the verbs can, may, mutt, should, ought, need, have to, be to.
- •Exercise 23. Comment on thfc modal colouring of the following sen ton»*» with shall.
- •Exercise 24. Comment on the meaning of the verb will. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 26. Comment on the meaning of the verb would. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 27. FUl in the Ыапкн with tkould or would.
- •Exercise 28. Translate the sentences into English using modal verbs.
- •Verbals
- •Exercise 1. Comment on the form of the infinitive.
- •Exercise 2. Define noun and verb characteristics of the infinitive.
- •Exercise 3. Insert the infinitive with the particle to before it where necessary.
- •Exorcise 6. State the syntactic function of the infinitive.
- •Exercise 7. Translate the sentences into Russian, using the infinitive from the following list as:
- •Exwtist 9. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences Into one using an infinitive or An infinitive phrase in the function of en adverbial modifier of purpose instead of the second sentence.
- •Exercise 10. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using the Infinitive in the function of an adverbial modifier of resnlt. Use the adverbs too or enough where
- •Necessary.
- •Exercise 11- Replace the subordinate attributive clause by an infinitive tit the function of an attribute.
- •Exercise 12. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model. Translate them into Russian.
- •Exercise 13. Replace the infinitive used in the function of an attribute by an attributive clause.
- •Exercise 14. Replace the infinitive used in the function of an adverbial modifier by a simple sentence.
- •Exercise 15. Translate into English. Use the infinitive in Ihe function of:
- •Exercise 19. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 20. Complete the sentences choosing a suitable infinitive phrase from the following list;
- •Exercise 21. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 22. Make up sentences using the following infinitive phrases:
- •Exercise 23. Note the complex object with the infinitive and the verbs it is used after. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 24. Paraphrase the following using complex objects with the infinitive.
- •Exercise 25. Make up sentences with complex objects with the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 26. Translate into English.
- •Ехегсме 27. Note the complex subject with the infinitive and the тегЬ it is used after. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 28. Paraphrase the following «ententes using the complex subject with the infinitive.
- •Exercise 30. Slate tke syntactic functions of the /or-lo-infinitive phrase.
- •Exercise 31. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use for-to-in- finitive phrases.
- •Exercise 32. Complete the following sentences using for-ta-infinitive phrases.
- •Exercise 33. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercise 1. Define noun and verb characteristics of the gerund.
- •Exercise 2. Use the indefinite gerund of the verb in brackets in the active or passive voice.
- •Exercise 3. Use the required form of the gerund of the verb in brackets.
- •Excrcise 4. State the syntactic function of the gerund.
- •Exercise 5, Use the gerund from the following list as:
- •Exercis* 6. Complete the following sentences using the geruttd as:
- •Exercise 7. Use the required form of the gerund and insert prepositions where necessary.
- •Exercise 9. Translate into English using the gerund as:
- •Exercise 10. State the syntactic function» оГ the gerundial complexes.
- •Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Емгсвд 11, Complete the Sentences using1 the gerundial complexes from the following list:
- •Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences using genindial complexes.
- •Exercise 13. Translate into English using gcmndial complexes,
- •Exercise 14. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 16. Analyse the ing-forms stating whether they are gerunds or verbal nouns.
- •Exercise 1. State the form of participles I.
- •Exercise 3. Note the time distinctions of participles I,
- •Exercise 4. State the functions of participles I. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 5. Replace the construction with participle I by:
- •Exercise 6. Join each of the following pairs of sentences using constructions with participles 1.
- •Exercise 7. Replace the clauses by the appropriate form of participles I where possible.
- •Exercise 8. Use the appropriate form of participle I of the verb in brackets.
- •Exercise 9. Translate into English using participle I in the function oi
- •Exercise 10. Translate into English using participles I where possible.
- •Exercise 11. Point out the complex object with the participle. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 12. Translate into English using complex object's with participles 1.
- •Exercise 13. Use the infinitive or participle I of the verb in brackets.
- •Exercise 14. Use participles I from the following list. Note its function. Transit)te the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 15. Translate into English using the complex subject with the participle I.
- •Exercise 1. State the function of participles II. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Exercise 2. Replace the attributive clauses by phrases with the participle II.
- •Esereise 3. Replace the phrases with the participle п by attributive or adverbial clauses.
- •Exercise 4. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 5. Point out the complex object with the participle II. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •E f xercise в. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 7. Point out the absolute participial phrase. Comment on its function, translate the sentenced into Russian,
- •Bxerciae 8. Translate into English.
- •Exercise 9. Point out wholly and partially substantivized adjective* and participles II. Translate the sentences into Russian,
- •Preliminaries
- •ExercUe 1. Distinguish between notional and functional words in each sentence of the following passages. State their grammatical types.
- •Exercise 3. Point out the part-of-speeeh characteristics and the syntactic role of the italicized words. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 4. Define the general grammatical meaning of the following sentence constructions. Translate into Russian.
- •Simple sentence: unexpanded and expanded sentences
- •Exercise 1. Point ont unexpanded and expanded sentences. State the part-of-speech characteristics and the syntactic function of the basic and expanding elements.
- •Exercise 2. Distinguish between obligatory and optional parts in the following sentences. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with notional words and phrases paying attention to the syntactic types of the verbs. Choose the proper determiners and prepositions where necessary.
- •Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with functional words where necessary.
- •Pay attention to the types of the verbs, as well as to the types of the nouns.
- •Exercise 5, Expand the following sentences at your option. Pay attention to the types of the verbs.
- •Eitercise 7. Translate into English paying attention to rendering different types of verb constructions.
- •Elliptical and One-Member Sentences
- •Exercise 1. Read Ihe following dialogue passages. Point out incomplete (elliptical) sentences in them. Deride which parts of these sentences are deleted and why. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 2. Reconstruct the missing parts in the elliptical sentences.
- •Observe the stylistic effect of the change.
- •Exercise 3. Translate into English paying attention to the structure and use of elliptical sentences.
- •Exercise 4. Point out one-member sentences, state their structure and explain their meaning. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise s- Translate into English using one-member and elliptical sentence constructions where necessary.
- •Word Order
- •Exercise l. Put the adverb at the head of the sentence.
- •Exercise 2. Put the adverb at the head of the sentence.
- •Exercise 3, Apply the following statements to new subjects.
- •Model: Arnold’s father arrived last night. — So did we.
- •Exercise 4. Apply the following statements to the same subject.
- •Exercise 5. Make the sentences emphatic by using full or partial inversion if possible.
- •Exercise 6. Translate into English using inversion if possible.
- •Exercise 7. Comment on the word order in the following sentences.
- •Exercise 8. Translate into English paying attention to specific pattern* of word order.
- •Communicative types of sentences
- •Exercise 1. Point out declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. Distinguish between affirmative and negative constructions among them. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 2. Change the following affirmative sentences into negative ones (give different versions where possible).
- •Exercise 4. Ask questions about the italicized words type.
- •Bercin 5. Think of responses of various kinds (categorical, non-cale- gorical) to the following questions.
- •Exercise 6. Make up an alternative question out of each of the given pairs of statements.
- •Exercise 7. Make up questions of various kinds to suit the following answers.
- •Exercise s. Change the following statements into disjunctive questions.
- •Exercise 9. Answer the following disjunctive questions confirming the speaker's supposition.
- •Ek«rcise 10. Contradict the following statements (presented as such or in the form of questions) by using intent affirmative or negative constructions.
- •Exercise 11. Respond to the following sentence# by interrogative constructions expressing surprise or disbelief.
- •Is it really so? Are you quite sure?
- •Exercise 13. Distinguish between commands, requests of various kinds, and wishes. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 14. Make the following' requests more urgent or polite,
- •Exercise 15. Forbid the action expressed in the following statements and request by using’ sentences of various kinds.
- •Exercise 16. Translate into English paying attention to imperative sen*
- •Exercise 17. State what kind of stimulus communication (statement, question, request) is presupposed by each of the following: responses.
- •Exercise is. Distinguish between exclamatory and поп-exclamatory constructions of different communicative purposes. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 19. Change the following non-exclamatory sentpnre* into exclamatory.
- •Exercise 20. Translate into English paying attention to sentence structures ot various communicative purposes.
- •Exercise 21. Comment on the sentences containing reported speech. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 23. Render the following interrogative sentences into direct and indirect speech representation. Give different versions of the rendering. Mind the sequence of tenses.
- •Exercise 24. Render the following commands, requests, wishes and greetings into direct and indirect speech representation. Give different versions of the rendering where possible.
- •Exercise 26. Translate into English using various patterns of reported speech.
- •Parts of the sentence
- •Subject
- •Btercise 1. Point out the subject in the following sentences and state what it is expressed by. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 2. In each of the following passages distinguish between the subject-substitute and its antecedent. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise s. Distinguish definite person* 1, indefinite persona] and impersonal sentences as expressed by their pronominal subject*. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 4. Translate into English, paying attention to the expression of the subject (definite personal, indefinite personal, impersonal).
- •Exercise 6, Translate into Russian, paying Attention to the pronoun it used as the subject.
- •Exercise 7. Use constructions with the emphatic it to answer the following questions.
- •Exercise 8. Pill in the blanks with it or there to suit the corresponding meanings of the sentences.
- •Exercise 9. Translate into English paying attention to the expression of the subject.
- •Predicate
- •Exercise 1. Point out the predicate in each of the following sentence* and state its type. Translate into Buseian.
- •Exercise 2. Fill in the bUuks with suitable post-positions.
- •Exercise 3. Consider the following sentences with the verbs be and have.
- •Change constructions with be into constructions with have and vice versa. Give different versions of the change. Tran*, late into Russian.
- •Exercise 4. Translate into English using constructions with be and h»vt.
- •Exercise 5. Consider the predicates in the following sentences. Distinguish between the auxiliary, linking and full notional status of their finite verbs. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise в. Point out the predicative in the following sentences and state what it is expressed by. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the proper link-verbs choosing them from the list below.
- •Exercise 6. Use the adjective or adverb given in brackets.
- •Exercise 10. Consider the phrase-verb predicate in the following sentences. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 11. Translate into English using constructions with a phraee- verb predicate.
- •Exercise 12. Expand the predicates of the following sentences by a spec- live and modal verbs. Make the necessary changes and additions to justify the expansion*.
- •Exercise 14. Consider the double predicate in the following sentences. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 15. Translate into English using constrnctions with a double predicate.
- •Exercise 16. Use the proper form of the verb in brackets paying attention to iU grammatical agreement with the subject.
- •Exercise 1. Consider different types of objects {direct, indirect, prepositional). Comment On the general semantic relations they express. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 4. Consider the nouns, gerunds and infinitives used as objects to adjectives in the following sentences. Translate into Russian.
- •1. We were aware of strange activity going on around us.
- •Exercise 5. Translate into English paying attention to the use of prepositions with objects both to verbs and adjectives.
- •Exercise б. Replace the verb by a verb-noun combination with have, give, take expressing a concrete action or an action as a fact.
- •Exercise 7, Consider constructions with cognate objects. Translate into Russian. Replace the cognateobject combinations with single verbs, making other changes in the sentences if necessary.
- •Exercise 8. Consider constructions with the pronoun it aa an absolute and anticipatory formal object introducing infinitive and perundial object-pbrases. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise *. Translate into English paying attention to the use of con* structions with objects of all kinds,
- •Attribute. Apposition
- •Exercise 1. Point out the Attributes and appositions, state their kinds, explain the semantic relations expressed by them. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 2. Change the following sentences into the corresponding noun- phrases with Attributes.
- •Exerclae 3. Translate I*to English paying attention to the typical structure of noun-phrases with attributes.
- •Exercise 6. Translate into English paying attention to the type* of attributive connection of words.
- •Exercise 7. Explain the semantic relations expressed by the appositions of various kinds in the following phrases.
- •Exercise 8. Translate into English paying attention to the structure and meaning of various no tin-phrase л with attributes.
- •Adverbial Modifier
- •Exercise 1. Point out adverbial modifiers in the following sentences. State their types. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 3. Expand the following noun-phrases by adverbs of degree listed below.
- •E*erci*e 4. Translate into English the adverbial modifiers arranged in the lists below and use them in sentences of your own.
- •Exercise 1. Point out the detached parte of the sentence. State what they are expressed by. Consider their role in Ihe sentence. Translate into Russian,
- •Exercise 1. Point out the homogeneous parts in the following sentences.
- •State their structure and function. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 3. Join each of the following pairs of sentences into one with homogeneous parts. Use the discontinuous conjunctions both... And, either ... Or, neither ... Nor.
- •Exercise 4. Translate into English paying Attention to the homogeneous parts of the sentence.
- •Complicated sentence: blend complication
- •Enerciie 1. Point out tbe complex subject and complex object in the following sentences. State their structure. Translate into Russian,
- •Exercise 2. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use constructions with a complex subject.
- •Exercise 4. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use constructions with a complex infinitive or participial object.
- •Exercise 5. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use constructions with a complex subject.
- •Exercise в. Translate into English using constructions with a complex subject and a complex object.
- •Exercise 8. Paraphrase the following sentences eo as to use constructions with complex objects of various types (present participial, past participial, adjectival, no u rial).
- •Exercise 9. Paraphrase the following sentences using various constructions with complex objects and complex subjects.
- •Exercise 10. Translate into English using various constructions with com- plex objects and complex subjects.
- •Exercise 11. Comment от the constructions of the complex object with the anticipatory it. Translate into Knssian.
- •Exercise 12. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use an ticipatory constructions with a complex object.
- •Exercise 13. Translate into English using anticipatory constructions with a complex object.
- •Complicated sentence: phrase complication
- •Exercise 1. Point out gerundial and infinitive phrases in the following sentences. State their structure and functions. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise 2. Paraphrase each pair of utterance» into a construction with a gerundial phrase. Be careful to eliminate the subject of the gerund where necessary.
- •Exercise 3. Paraphrase each pair of utterances into a construction with an infinitive phrase. Be careful lo eliminate the subject of the infinitive where necessary.
- •Exercise 4. Translate into English using gerundial and infinitive phrases. Pay attention to cases where the subject of the gerund or infinitive should be omitted.
- •Exercise 5. Distinguish between conjoint and absolute phrases of various types. State their structure and functions in the sen* tence. Translate into Russian.
- •Exercise в. Join each pair of the following sentences into a construction with a participial phrase, either absolute or conjoint.
- •Exercise 7. Translate Into English using constructions with participial phrases, both absolute and conjoint.
- •Exercise 6. Translate into English using various forms of compound sen* tences or related constructions.
- •Exercise 4. Make up complex sentences with object clauses out of the following pairs of utterances.
- •Eicrcise 5. Translate into English using complex sentences with subject, predicative and object clauses, as well as with related constructions.
- •Exercise 7. Form complex sentences with attributive and apposiUve clauses out of the following pairs of sentences and single compound sentences. Delete the relative connector where possible.
- •Exercise 8. Translate into English using complex sentences with attributive and appositive clauses, as well as with related constructions.
- •Exercise 10. Make Up sentences with Adverbial clauses of various typ«g out of the following pairs of utterances. Give parallel versions of related constructions where possible.
- •Exercise 11. Translate into English using complex sentences with various types of adverbial clauses and related constructions.
- •Exercise 14. Consider the structure and meaning of the following emphatic complex sentences. Translate into Russian,
- •Exercise is. Translate into English the following sentences as in у the corresponding emphatic constructions.
- •Contents
Excrcise 4. State the syntactic function of the gerund.
1. It’s no use doing things by halves. 2. She kept eyeing Henry with interest. 3. He didn’t feel like talking to anyone now. 4. I could not help thinking of the island in this anatomical way, 5. After pausing for breath she announced, “I have some excellent news.” 6. She explained this to them by saying she was busy. 7. She asked her one or two questions. Kitty answered them without knowing what they meant. 8. The land was the one thing in the world worth fighting for, 9. After a moment, everyone started talking again. 10. Jennie was busy all next day preparing for a cocktail-party. 11. He supposed it was the civilized way of doing things. 12. She waited a minute or two before speaking. 13. Julie expressed horror at the very thought of going out into the cold. 14.1 could not answer for coughing. 15. Housekeeping with Lidia worked quite well. 16. “A mule would be useful for crossing the mountain,” I observed.
Exercise 5, Use the gerund from the following list as:
subject
continuing, going, riding, keeping, finding
1. Robinson thought at the time that ... a journal would be an occupation for my mind. 2. My brother always said that ... is the best exercise. 3. I’m afraid it’s no use ... this discussion. 4. It’s no use ... over old ground. 5. ... him there surprised me greatly.
direct object
sitting, opening, hearing, being, doing
1. I remember ... her complain to Joe. 2. The box was stoutly made and resisted ... . 3, I intend ... it tomorrow.
Would you mind ... over here? 5. Now I had resolved, if possible, to avoid ... alone with any of these men, these strangers.
prepositional object
shaking, stopping, calling, getting, drinking, missing, dealing, being, saying, twisting
1. She was afraid of ... Miller in the crowd. 2. He was fond of ...: “The superstition of today is the science of yesterday.” 3. Thank you for ... . 4. On the way home Sally insisted on ... in front of our college, 5.1 am assure you I am quite capable of ... with the matter. 6. After that, of course, I had difficulty in ... off Tom Wells. 7. I am sick and tired of... tea without milk. 8. Surely that prevents the day from ... ordinary. 9. They were certainly clever at... one’s remarks,
attribute
eating, coming, getting, reading, going, greeting, discussing
The surgery opened at five-thirty, and I made a point of ... along there quite promptly. 2. The only way of ... to the dance was on our bicycles. 3. They talked and laughed and shouted, and there was the clatter of knives and forks, and strange sounds of ... . 4. Philip had few friends. Ilia habit of ... isolated him. 5. He could not bear the thought of ... his situation. 6. There were cries of ... from a dozen voices and they moved toward her. 7. Philip could never tell lies without embarrassment, and he was scarlet when he fin* ished his explanation for not... .
adverbial modifier of time
hearing, answering, leaving,passing, looking, reading, racing
1. She looked at the paper, after ... out this question.
Before the little old lady grasped his arm. 3. He spent those nights after ... at hi3 mother’s house in Green Street,
He found an endless excitement in ... at their faces and ... them speak. 5. Tom considered before ... . 6. She seemed excited on ... this. 7. Poirot had looked up at the staircase in and shook his head in a dissatisfied manner.
adverbial modifier of manner, attending circumstances or cause
noticing, having, disguising, bringing, answering, working, cough' ing, laughing, breaking
1. Cindy glanced up, then away, without... . 2. Lize was able to make her own living by ... at a factory. 3. Eventually Selvyn couldn’t laugh for and again, he couldn’t cough for ... . 4. Can’t we even laugh properly without ... trouble?
Was he trying to escape by ... himself? 6. Major Penny- mann went on without ... her interruption. 7. We might be fined for ... the Press along, George. 8. You might run all my life by ... your promise.
part of a compound verbal predicate
pacing, shaking, saying, looking, reproducing, eating, chatting, knitting
1. Teddy Lloyd continued ... Jean Brodie in his paintings. 2. He began ... the words aloud to himself. 3. They went on ... their dinner. 4. The old man stopped ... her fist and stick. 5. Sandy kept ... ahead, Mary tried to keep up with her. 6. Anson Harris had ceased ... out and was flying on instruments alone. 7. Two weeks old this child was, and the lady had just finished ... her a pram-cover in stripes of white and blue. 8. The twins started ... about their school life.
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