1. Pop music -the making of a star:

Your musical talent may be discovered early. At six, for example, you may play the recorder, at twelve the piano; you may sing in the school choir and later become the singer or the keyboard player in a band. The other musi­ci­ans in the band may play the (solo/lead, rhythm or bass) guitar, the saxo­phone, the drums or other percussion instruments. Your musical style may be influenced by rock'n'roll, hard rock, jazz, disco, country, folk music etc.

Expensive technical equipment (amplifiers loudspeakers, micropho­nes etc.) is required to produce a good sound. You practise a lot, record your songs and send demo tapes to a record company in the hope of making a contract. If a single, an LP or CD is to be produced in a (24-track) recording studio, you will need a producer, a sound engineer, someone to arrange the songs etc. unless you compose the songs, write the lyrics arrange the music and produce the disc yourself.

If your debut single or album is released and sells well, it may climb the charts (pop singers whose discs sell extremely well are rewarded with golden or even platinum discs). If you play jazz or pop music, you may have gigs in the concert halls around the country. Once you have made a name for yourself as a musician, you may tour Europe or the USA promo­ting your (latest) CD. Even when you are on tour you will have to rehearse constantly before performing at concerts attended by thousands of fans.

2. Classical music:

Pianists, violinists or cello virtuosus unable to reach the extremely high standards required of soloists may join a symphony orchestra, the most famous of which are the London Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra etc. Performances of works by great compos­ers, e.g. an opus like Beethoven's Seventh Symphony in A major, or Brahms' D minor piano concerto are particularly popular.

After attending a concert, a music critic may write about the sensitivity of the conductor's interpretation, about the brilliance of the brass, the precision of the wind, the clarity of the strings, the technique of the soloist, the acoustics of the concert hall and the applause with which the audience expressed its enthusiasm.

General problems:

1. Rock stars often become cult figures or idols, the objects of a personality cult.

2. Synthesizers, computerized music etc. are replacing live musicians on stage or in the recording studios.

3. Expensive videos must be produced (e.g. for the title-tracks of new CDs) to promote sales.

4. Small independent labels cannot compete with the media and entertainment giants in the battle for a share of the market.

5. Symphony or chamber orchestras, especially in the provinces, are often lacking in funds, a problem which could be solved by an increase in subsidies.

classical [´klæsɪk(ǝ)l] класичний

symphony   [´sɪmfǝnɪ] симфонія

chamber music [´tʃeɪmbǝ] камерна музика

opera [´ɒp(ǝ)rǝ] опера

ballet [´bæleɪ] балет

contemporary [kǝn´temp(ǝ)rǝrɪ] сучасний стиль

audience [´ͻ:dɪǝns] публіка; глядачі

following   [´fɒlǝυɪŋ] шанувальники

giant [´dʒaɪǝnt] титан

to control   [kɒn´trǝυl] контроль

record company [´rekͻ:d] [´kʌmpǝnɪ] звукозаписна компанія

conglomerate   [kǝn´ɡlɒm(ǝ)rɪt] конгломерат

to produce   [´prɒdju:s] виробляти

to distribute [dɪs´trɪbju(:)t] поширити

label [´leɪb(ǝ)l] знак; ярлик

recorder   [rɪ´kͻ:dǝ] блок-флейта

choir [´kwaɪǝ] хор

keyboard [´ki:bͻ:d] синтезатор

musician   [mju:´zɪʃ(ǝ)n] музикант

rhythm [´rɪ∂(ǝ)m] ритмічна партія, ритм

bass [beɪs] бас-гітара

drum  [´drʌm] барабан

percussion [pǝ´kʌʃ(ǝ)n] ударні інструменти

equipment [ɪ´kwɪpmǝnt] технічне оснащення

amplifier   [´æmplɪfaɪǝ] електрогітара

demo tape   [´demǝυ] [tɜp] демо-запис

contract   [´kɒntrækt] договір, угода,

контракт

sound engineer [´saυndˏendʒɪ´nɪǝ] інженер звукозапису

to arrange [ǝ´reɪndʒ] аранжування

debut single   [´deɪb(j)u:] дебютний сингл

to release [rɪ´li:s] випуск

charts   [tʃɑ:t] "хіт-парад" 

platinum   [´plætɪnǝm] платиновий

gig [ɡɪɡ] ангажемент на один

виступ 

to promote [prǝ´mǝυt] просувати

on tour   [tυǝ] на гастролях

to rehearse   [rɪ´hɜ:s] репетирувати

to perform   [pǝ´fͻ:m] виконувати

to attend [ǝ´tend] відвідувати

virtuoso [ˏvɜ:tʃυ´ǝυzǝυ] віртуозний

orchestra [´ͻ:kɪstrǝ] оркестр

performance   [pǝ´fͻ:mǝns] виконання

composer   [kǝm´pǝυzǝ] композитор

opus [´ǝυpǝs] музичний твір

concerto [kǝn´tʃɜ:tǝυ] концерт

critic   [´krɪtɪk] критик;

sensitivity   [ˏsensɪ´tɪvɪtɪ] чутливість; тонке

conductor [kǝn´dʌktǝ] сприйняття

brass   [brɑ:s] диригент

wind [wi:nd] духові інструменти

technique   [tek´ni:k] струнні інструменти

acoustics [ǝ´ku:stɪks] акустика

applause [ǝ´plͻ:z] оплески

idol [aɪdl] кумир

title-track [´taɪtl] [træk] титульний трек

to compete with [kǝm´pi:t] змагатися

share   [ʃeǝ] частка

subsidies [´sʌbsɪdɪ] субсидія

Art

Basic information:

Whether they have studied art at an art college or not, artists who have learned certain techniques are then free to develop their own personal styles if they are talented enough to be creative and innovative rather than resort to a derivative style. Various tools and materials are used, e.g. stone, metal or wood by a sculptor, oil colours, watercolours and brushes by a painter, charcoal for charcoal sketches by a drawer etc. The common aim of all is to produce works of art, preferably master­pieces, many of which are on display m famous galleries like the National Gallery or the Tate Gallery in London and the Guggenheim Museum or the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Exhibitions at art galleries include works displayed in permanent collec­tions: oil paintings, water-colours, landscapes, seascapes, (self-) portraits, still lifes, drawings, collages, and prints by graphic artists. In addition to permanent collections there are also touring exhibitions. For the purpose of special exhibitions, a museum may obtain objects of art on loan from other museums.

Art lovers with good taste and an aesthetic sense can become connoisseurs of such artistic achievements as Norman arches, Gothic cathedrals, Baroque architecture, the landscape paintings of the Impressionists, the rich colours of the Expressionists, the geometric designs of the Cubists, decorative Art Deco, the flowing lines and bright colours of Art Nouveau, the surrealist paintings of Dali, the pop art of the 1960s, Post-Modernism, and abstract art in its many forms.

Promoting the arts today

Young aspiring artists who have not yet won recognition have difficulty in finding a 'marketplace', for example in commercial galleries. Patronage of the arts by private patrons or sponsorship by firms as well as an increase in public subsidies could help artists financially and thus foster art in general. Furthermore, interest in and appreciation of the fine arts can only really grow if works are made accessible to the general public and not just to a cultured minority.

the Bronze Age [brɒnz] [eɪdʒ] бронзовий вік

artefact [´ɑ:tɪfækt] артефакт

exhibit [ɪɡ´zɪbɪt] показ; експозиція

collection   [kǝ´lekʃ(ǝ)n] виставка; колекція

vase   [vɑ:z] амфора; чаша; ваза

jewellery   [´dʒu:ǝlrɪ] коштовності

engraving [ɪn´ɡreɪvɪŋ] гравюра

B. the Elder [´eldǝ] Брейгель Старший

glassware   [ɡlɑ:s] [weǝ] вироби зі скла

sculpture / sculptor [´skʌlptʃǝ]/[´skʌlptǝ] скульптура/ скульптор

art   [ɑ:t] мистецтво

artist [´ɑ:tɪst] творча особистість

technique [tek´ni:k] техніка (методика)

creative [krɪ´eɪtɪv] творчий

innovative   [´ɪnǝveɪtɪv] новаторський

derivative [dɪ´rɪvǝtɪv] похідний

oil colour   [´ͻɪlˏkʌlǝ] масляна фарба

watercolours   [´wͻ:tǝˏkʌlǝ] акварельні фарби

charcoal   [´tʃɑ:kǝυl] вугільний олівець

sketch [sketʃ] ескіз; начерк

drawer   [´drͻ:ǝ] рисувальник

work of art [ˏwɜ:kǝv´ɑ:t] витвір мистецтва

to be on display/to display [dɪs´pleɪ] виставлятися

gallery [´ɡælǝrɪ] галерея

exhibition [ˏeksɪ´bɪʃ(ǝ)n] виставка

portrait [´pͻ:trɪt] портрет;

still life [stɪl] [laɪf] натюрморт

drawing   [´drͻ:ɪŋ] замальовка

collage [´kɒlɑ:ʒ] колаж

prints [prɪnt] репродукція

on loan [lǝυn] борг

aesthetic sense [i:s´θetɪk] [sens] естетичний смак

connoisseur [ˏkɒnǝ´sɜ:] знавець; цінитель

artistic   [ɑ:´tɪstɪk] майстерний

Norman arch   [´nͻ:mǝn] [ɑ:tʃ] Норманська арка

Gothic   [´ɡɒθɪk] готичний (про стиль)

Baroque   [bǝ´rɒk] бароко (архітект. стиль)

architecture   [´ɑ:kɪtektʃǝ] архітектура

Art Nouveau   [ˏɑ:(t)nu:´vǝυ] стиль "модерн"

to promote   [prǝ´mǝυt] просувати

aspiring [ǝ´spaɪ(ǝ)rɪŋ] цілеспрямований

recognition   [ˏri:ekǝɡ´nɪʃ(ǝ)n] визнання

patronage [´pætrǝnɪdʒ] покровительство

patron   [´peɪtrǝn] покровитель

sponsorship   [´spɑnsǝʃɪp] спонсорська підтримка

subsidiy [´sʌbsɪdɪ] субсидія

the (fine) arts [ˏfaɪn´ɑ:t] образотворчі мистецтва

accessible   [ǝk´sesǝb(ǝ)l] доступний; досяжний

cultured [´kʌltʃǝd] інтелігентний