Programming

№

Term

Definition

Usage

Algorithm (n)

a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer

~ analysis/approach/design/theory/ validation/-based/-specific;

create/follow/build/fulfill an ~;

algorithmic (adj): ~ access/error/diagram/ method/pattern/technique/language;

algorithmization (n);

syn. method, pattern

Applet (n)

a very small application, especially a utility program performing one or a few simple functions

Java ~;

~ version/display area/viewer/virus;

download/set up/(un)install an ~

Array (n)

an impressive display or range of a particular type of thing; a data structure that contains a group of elements of the same data type, such as integer or string

~ access/analysis/bound/chip/data/ component/element/segment;

build an ~; sorted/structured ~;

arrayed (adj): ~ data;

syn. bunch, bundle, cluster

Assemble (v)

cause sb or sth to gather together for a common purpose; convert or translate programs written in the assembly code to the machine code

~ editing/mode; assembling (n): automatic/manual/line/machine/robot;

assembled (adj): ~ battery/diagram/ product/presentation; assembler (n): ~ program/operator/language;

assembly (n): ~ code/data/defect/error

/line/technique/unit;

syn. collect, gather; ant. dissemble

Binary (adj)

relating to, composed of, or involving two things; a system of numerical notation that has 2 rather than 10 as a base

~ code/system/array/cell/ compatibility/ digit/file/frequency/interval/mode/phase/ scale/signal/stream/switch;

~-coded/valued;

ant. decimal

Bug (n)

an unexpected problem with 

hardware or software

fix/identify/correct/track ~s;

~ identification/hole/tracking/fix/report/-free; debug (v): ~ a program; (de)bugging (n); buggy (adj): ~ software;

syn. error, flaw, defect

Code (n)

a system of words, letters, figures, or symbols used to represent others, especially for the purposes of secrecy; text written in a particular programming language

~ area/chain/compression/error/key/

line/limitation/optimization/structure;

~-sensitive/sharing; coded (adj):

~ address/ file/disc/image/signal/word/ information;

source/ASCII/pseudo ~;

generate/program a ~; encode (v): ~ a file/message; coding (n): ~ aids/cycle/ pattern; codify (v);

decode (v): ~ text/infromation;

syn. cypher, encrypt

ant. decypher, decrypt

Command (n)

an authoritative order; an instruction or signal causing a computer to perform one of its basic functions

at someone’s ~; word of ~; (dis)obey a ~;

a ~ bar/button/delay/file/handler/ interface/key/line/menu/mode/script/ sequence/switch/system/unit; -driven; issue/run a ~;

command (v): ~ a large vocabulary;

commander (n): military/army ~;

syn. direction, order, instruction

Compile (v)

collect information in order to produce a list or book; convert a program into a machine-code or lower-level form in which the program can be executed

~ a table/diagram/code;

(de)compiler (n): ~ bug/error/language/ option/program/writer; compiling (n): batch/incremental ~; compilation (n): ~ algorithm/process/time/unit;

syn. assemble, gather, compose

ant. decompile, decompose

Compose (v)

write or create a work of art, especially music or poetry; prepare a text, code for printing

~ a letter/text/graph/table;

composability (n); composable (adj):

~ semantics/sequence; composed (adj):

~ component/distribution; composite (n): ~ analysis/error/structure/test/variable; composition (n): ~ of algorithms/functions /groups; compositional (adj): ~ core/ design/product/formula /programming;

syn. create

Compress (v)

flatten by pressure; alter the form of (data) so as to reduce the amount of storage necessary

~ a(n) file/document/image/video/code;

compressed (adj): ~ air/audio/data/ disc/gas/volume; compressibility (n): ~ factor; compressible (adj);

compression (n): ~ area/buffer/coding/ facility/force/ratio/utility; compressor (n): ~ engineering/plant/system/unit;

syn. squeeze, shrink; ant. decompress

Compute (v)

reckon or calculate (a figure, value or amount) using mathematical formulas or methods

~ a number/figure/value/formula; computer(n): ~ access/addiction/ aids/algorithm/analyst/automation/

engineering/equipment/network/security/

skills/software/system/utility/vendor;

~-aided design/-assisted management/-based learning/-controlled robot/-generated hologram/-human interface/-integrated system/-managed instruction/-mediated communication/-oriented system;

computability (n); computable (adj)

computation (n); computational (adj):

~ linguistics/power; computerize (v):

~ the country; computerized (adj): analysis/catalogue/file/image/ manufaturing/office/system/testing/tools; computing (n): ~ skills/ability/center; parallel ~; computerization (n): ~ of schools/universities;

syn. calculate, figure out

Cf. computerate = computer-literate, computerphile, computerphobia

Condition (n)

the state of something with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order; a situation that must exist before something else is possible or permitted

in good/bad/poor/certain/ ~; (up)on ~; impose/set/stipulate/accept/fulfill/meet/

satisfy a ~; ~ of (in)dependence/ (in)stability; living/working/weather/ (un)favorable/difficult/international ~s; conditional (adj): ~ behavior/equation/ reflex/access; conditionally (adv); conditioned (adj): ~ air/gas/process/reflex;

conditioner (n): air ~;

syn. status, stipulation, prerequisite

Configure (v)

arrange or put together in a particular way; arrange or order (a computer system or an element of it) so as to fit it for a designated task

~ a computer/network/server; configurability (n): network ~;

configuration (n): hardware/basic/ desktop/(2)3-dimensional/error/port/ problem-solving/software ~;

configurable (adj): ~ code/hardware/ memory/processor; configured (adj): fully/software ~;

syn. construct, set up

ant. misconfigure

Default (n)

failure to fulfill an obligation, especially to repay a loan or appear in a law court;

a preselected option adopted by a computer program or other mechanism when no alternative is specified by the user or programmer

by/on ~; ~ option/address/button/ color/context/ interface/mode/ parameter/user/statement/value; defaulting (adj): ~ subscriber

Error (n)

the state or condition of being wrong in conduct or judgement; a mistake

~prone /check/code/correction/detection/ handling/tolerance/checking/control/-free; check/code/correct/detect/ handle/ diagnose/indicate an ~; err (v); errorless (adj): ~ code/transmission; erroneous (adj);

syn. mistake, fault, flaw

Execute (v)

put a plan, order, or course of action into effect; carry out a sentence of death; carry out an instruction or a program

~ a cycle/packet/program/statement; executing (adj): ~ phase; execution (n): ~ address/error/failure/path/plan/sequence/

speed/time/unit; executive (adj): ~ branch/agreement/ committee/council/ language/message/officer/program/

secretary/session/staff;

syn. accomplish, implement, perform, fulfill

Generate (v)

create; produce (a set or sequence of items) by performing specified mathematical or logical operations on an initial set

~ heat/address/error/function/ sequence/variable; generated (adj): separably/inductively/freely/finitely ~; generator (n): gas/steam/code ~, ~ capacity; generation (n): ~ gap, ~ of sth;

generic (adj): ~ term/activity/class/ components/property/software/system;

syn. bring about, cause to appear

Integrate (v)

combine (one thing) with another to form a whole; find the integral of

~ sth with/into sth; ~ between A and B/by part/by a substitution; integration (n): economic/racial/close ~; ~ density/domain/ level/platform/problem/ tools; integrator (n): system ~; integrity (n): data/system /network ~; integral (n): (in)definite ~; integral (adj): ~ part/value; integrated (adj): nalysis/approach/circuit/ data/database/device/environment/ equation/process/software; integrating (adj): ~ coefficient/ mechanism; integrative (adj): ~ process;

syn. combine, consolidate,

ant. disintegrate

Cf. IDE

Instruction (n)

a direction or order; a code in a program which defines and carries out an operation

give/follow/break ~s; ~ address/area/manual/window; basic/clear/complete/conditional/effective/entry/(in)direct/input/output ~;

(un)instruct (v): ~ users; instructional (adj): ~ advice/ computing/ software; instructive (adj), instructively (adv), instructiveness (n), instructor (n): programming ~, ~ in physics;

syn. direction, guidance

Language (n)

a method of human communication, either spoken or written; a system of symbols and rules for writing programs or algorithms

speak/understand/enrich/learn/master/use/compile from… into a ~; high-level/

low-level/machine/absolute/AI/

algorithmic/assembler/command/

foreign/functional/hardware/input/output/

mark-up/script/ source/symbolic/target;

~ barrier/compatibility/converter/ manual/model/selection/specification/

syntax/-specific machine

Loop (n)

a shape produced by a curve that bends round and crosses itself; a programmed sequence of instructions that is repeated until or while a particular condition is satisfied

continuous ~; in the ~; ~ access/chain/ circuit/link/network/operation/system/ technology/-free; looped (adj): ~ cycle/circuit/ link; looping (adj): ~ statement;

syn. circle, curve

Cf. loophole, loopline

Manual (n)

a book giving instructions or information; instructions for using a computer device or program

a computer/program/reference/teacher’s ~;

manual (adj): ~ work/labor/adjustment backup/control /input/output/mode/ power/programming/scanner/switch/tool/

tracking/training/transmission/tuning/

update; manually (adv): ~ controlled/adjustable/operated/set;

syn. reference book, handbook, guidebook; ant. automated

Maintain (v)

cause or enable a condition or situation to continue; correct faults, improve performance or other attributes, or adapt the product to a changed environment

~ a computer/program/equipment; maintenance (n): ~ of peace and stability/ aids/area/center/costs/handbook/manual; maintainable (adj): ~ equipment/item; maintainability (n): ~ analysis/control/ specifications/standard;

maintainer (n): software ~;

syn. control, keep, manage, support

Operate (v)

(of a person) control the functioning of a machine, process, or system; (of a machine, process, or system) function in a specified manner

~ (a) machine; operation (n): in ~, conduct/launch ~; operational (adj): ~ costs/mode/safety/ error/database/ efficiency/risk; operator (n): computer/radar/radio ~; operated (adj): automatically/manually/remotely~; operating (adj): ~ system/capacity/ conditions/manual/mode/parameter/ policy/potential/speed/station/time

Patch (n)

a piece of cloth or other material used to mend or strengthen a torn or weak point; a small piece of code inserted into a program to improve its functioning or to correct a fault

modem/bug ~, ~ array/cable/line/memory; patch (v): ~ clothes; patched (adj): ~ connection/ program; patcher (n); patchhole (n); patching (n): ~ tool/repair/material

Process (v)

take a series of actions or steps to achieve a particular end; perform a series of mechanical or chemical operations on sth in order to change or preserve it

~ automatically/manually; ~ operations/ code/instructions; process (n):

~ automation/control/cycle/design/ flowchart/installation/inspection/planning/state/unit; ~-bound/-driven/-centered/-flexible/-independent/-specific; launch/cancel a ~; processed (adj): ~ data/bit/speech; processing (n): automatic data/parallel ~,

~ accuracy/algorithm/flaw/method/rate/

system/technology/tool;

syn. action, course, procedure

Procedure (n)

an established or official way of doing sth; a set of instructions for performing an operation within a program

(non)standard/established/built-in/ embedded ~, ~ flowchart/standard, launch/cancel a ~; procedural (adj); procedurally (adj);

syn. process

Program (v)

arrange according to a plan or schedule; provide (a computer or other machine) with coded instructions for the automatic performance of a particular task

~ in a language; ~ software/a computer/

a network; (re)program (v); program (n): ~ application/background/executable ~; ~ design/file/architecture/directory/error/ code/documentation/failure/interface/ specification/testing/unit/writer; ~-compatible/ controlled/(in)dependent/-editing; design/launch/set up/(un)install/ issue/release a ~; programming (n): software ~, ~ aids/algorithm/cycle/error/ flowchart/language/method/pattern; programmed (adj): ~ channel/instruction/ learning/path; programmer (n): (un)skillful/(in)experienced ~; ~ manual/ rating/productivity/slang;

programmable (adj): ~ action/software/ switch/system/terminal

Prototype (n)

the first or preliminary version of a device or vehicle from which other forms are developed

conceptual/evolutionary/hardware/paper/ laboratory/pilot/procedure/production/ virtual ~; ~ declaration/device/language/ system; develop/build/use/compare a ~; prototyping (adj): ~ aids/kit/modelling/ system; prototypal (adj); prototypic(al) (adj): ~ behavior;

syn. original, model, archetype

Recursion (n)

application of a repetitive procedure

iterative/mutual/self-/tail ~, ~ code/ formula/method/scheme, avoid/program/ double/minimize ~; recursive (adj): ~ function/procedure/call/algorithm/ equation /function/sequence/ system; recursively (adv); recursiveness (n): relative ~;

syn. reversion, reiteration

Redundancy (n)

the state of being no longer needed or useful; the inclusion of extra components functioning in case of failure in other components

~ allocation/arrangement/assessment/bit/ criterion/device/level/mechanism/rate/

reduction/testing; ~ of information/ optimization; redundant (adj):

~ code/channel/equipment/system;

syn., excessive, superfluous

Reverse (v)

move backwards; go in or turn towards the direction opposite to that previously stated

~ roles/addresses; reverse (n): complete ~, in ~; reverse (adj): ~ calculation/channel/ circuit/flow/motion/ rotation; reversed (adj): ~ chain/arrow/compression/vector; reverser (n): polarity ~; reversibility (n): ~ coat/process; reversion (n): power ~, ~ facility/management; reversal (n): ~ failure/process/time;

syn. overturn

Script (n)

handwriting as distinct from print; an automated series of instructions carried out in a specific order

write/compose/create a ~, ~ file/engine/ language;

syn. writing

Cf. scriptwriter

Test (n)

a short written or spoken examination of a person's proficiency or knowledge; a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of sth, especially before its widespread use

remote/proficiency ~; ~ center/ completion/condition /drive/ evaluation/mode/sample/validation; perform/run/automate/complete/generate/ monitor a ~; test (v): ~ hardware/ software/a program; testing (n): routine/battery/compatibility ~, ~ for reliability; testability (n): check/design/ factor/requirement; testable (adj): easily ~;

syn. check, inspection, examination

Thread (n)

a long, thin strand of fiber used in sewing or weaving; a group of thematically linked messages posted on an Internet forum; a programming structure or process formed by linking a number of separate elements

execution/multitasking/parent/mail/main ~; ~ group/ID; package ~;

thread (v): ~ a process; threaded (adj): ~ file/list/socket; threader (n);

threading (n): automatic ~, ~ block/tool;

syn. cord, string, fiber

Tool (n)

a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to perform a particular function

a design/smart ~, a ~ adapter/adjustment/ bar/box/holder/kit; animation ~;

use/apply a ~;

syn. instrument, apparatus, device

Troubleshoot (n)

analyze and solve serious problems for a company or other organization; trace and correct faults in a mechanical or electronic system

~ errors/flaws/conflicts; troubleshooter (n); troubleshooting (n): ~ aid/code/costs/ guide/flowchart/process/program/service/

tips/unit;

syn. debugging, diagnostics, correction

Value (n)

the importance, worth, or usefulness of something; the numerical amount denoted by an algebraic term; a magnitude, quantity, or number

absolute/actual/average/default/input/

hexadecimal/initial/null/output/return/ variable ~, ~ function/list/parameter; valuable (adj); ant. valueless; evaluation (n): insurance/performance/full-scale ~, ~ approach/parameter; evaluator (n);

syn. amount, cost, significance

Cf. value-added tax

Variable (n)

sth not consistent or having a fixed pattern; liable to change; an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change

set/calculate/register/(re)name a ~; a floating point/binary/class/(in)dependent/ integer/key/loop/reference ~; variable (adj); variably (adv); variability (n): ~ of choice, ~ chart/error/index/interval/ratio;

ant. invariable

1. maintain

2. bug

3. tool

4. command

5. condition

6. execute

7. manual

1. binary

2. compile

3. patch

4. assemble

5. code

6. compress

7 integrate

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

composed

compute

error

generatively

instructional

reversely

testability

in-

de-

un-

mis-

dis-

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

1

applet

2

3

4

5

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

1

array

2

3

4

5

6

Adjective

Target vocabulary unit

1

thread

2

3

4

5

6

7

Verb

Target vocabulary unit

1

a script

2

3

4

5

Adjective

Target vocabulary unit

1

procedure

2

3

4

5

6

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

1

default

2

3

4

5

6

7

Target vocabulary unit

Adjective

1

process-

2

3

4

5

6

1. loop

A. a very small application, especially a utility program performing one or a few simple functions

2. troubleshoot

B. a book giving instructions or information; instructions for using a computer device or program

3. value

C. the numerical amount denoted by an algebraic term

4. algorithm

D. a programmed sequence of instructions that is repeated until or while a particular condition is satisfied

5. applet

E. trace and correct faults in a mechanical or electronic system

6. manual

F. a group of linked messages posted on an Internet forum that share a common subject or theme

7. thread

G. a list of instructions, procedures, or formulas used to solve a problem

Concepts

Type of logical relations

1. troubleshooting - debugging

A. general and specific

2. process - thread

B. cause and effect

3. error-bug

C. contrast

4. code - ASCII

D. equivalence

5. command - computation

E. part and whole

6. prototype - duplicate

F. method and purpose

7.variable - invariable

binary system - decimal system

program – applet

value – variable

calculate - compute

assemble - configure

compose – compile

loop – recursion

1. applet

2. command

3. compiler

4. manual

5. prototype

6. script

7. toolbar

1. C++

2. Java

3. HTML

4. Visual Basic

5. Python

6. Ruby

1

What is the logical relationship between the concepts “troubleshooting - debugging”:

a) general and specific b) cause and effect c) method and purpose d) part and whole

2

What is the logical relationship between the concepts “prototype - duplicate”:

a) general and specific b) cause and effect c) method and purpose d) contrast

3

All of these are synonymous to the word “bug” EXCEPT FOR:

a) failure b) error c) flow d) flaw

4

What is the logical relationship between the concepts “error - bug”:

a) general and specific b) cause and effect c) equivalence d) part and whole

5

A very small application, especially a utility program performing one or a few simple functions is known as___. a) applet b) utility d) adware d) tool

6

A list of instructions, procedures, or formulas used to solve a problem is known as a(n)___ . a) scheme b) schedule d) plan d) algorithm

7

Choose the correct prefix for the word ‘compatibility’: a) dis- b) un- c) de- d) in-

8

Referred to as a ____is a sequence of events occurring at a particular place or occasion or a record of business carried on by a society or other organization; minutes.

a) process b) procedure c) proceeding d) proceedings

9

______ is a device or implement used to perform a particular function.

a) Applet b) Tool c) Patch d) Manual

10

A ______ is a series of actions or operations viewed as discrete steps.

a) process b) procedure c) proceeding d) proceedings

11

All of these are synonyms EXCEPT FOR:

a) prototype b) copy c) counterpart d) duplicate

12

All of these are synonyms EXCEPT FOR:

a) integrate b) combine c) consolidate d) configure

13

Mark the odd word: a) computer b) computability c) computation d) computerized

14

This experimental technology is still error-___ a) tolerant b) prone c) free d) detected

15

Copy, paste, cut and bold are examples of ___. a) tools b) widgets c) menus d) codes

16

All of these collocate with the adjective “default” EXCEPT FOR:

a) option b) mode c) parameter d) bug

17

Computer-___ communication is getting more and more widely spread.

a) generated b) managed c) integrated d) mediated

18

Choose the correct prefix for the word ‘configure’: a) mis- b) un- c) de- d) in-

19

All of these are examples of utilities except for:

a) compression b) disc defragmentation c) encryption d) documentation

20

All of these are examples of application programs EXCEPT FOR: a) compression software b) spreadsheet software c) entertainment software d) documentation software