Cyberspace

№

Term

Definition

Usage

Account (n)

a record or statement of financial expenditure; the means by which a user can access a computer system; an Internet-based entity owned by or assigned to a specific user, but stored in an organization

~ name/password/access/ balance/ restriction/manager/policy/number/ status/ID; administrative/computer/ disabled/user/group/guest/local ~; account (v): ~ for sth, take into ~, on ~ of/on this ~; accountability (n): password ~, accountable (n): ~ to sb; (adv); accountancy (n): ~ system; accountant (n), syn. bookkeeper; accounting (n): strict/salary ~, ~ period/control/ data system/device/ machine /management/software

Anonymity (n)

the state of being purposely unknown, concealing one’s identity

processor ~; anonym (n); anonymous (adj): ~ variable/letter/writer/ server/surfing/user;

Cf. pseudonym, alias

3. 3

Avatar (n)

visual manifestation of a person or idea; a movable icon representing a person in cyberspace or virtual reality graphics

an ~ of selflessness, account/colorful ~; choose/change an ~;

syn. incarnation, embodiment

Block (v)

put an obstacle in the way; keep a troublesome user out of your mentions and send them an explicit signal that you want nothing to do with them

~ a(n) file/software/account/site/ mobile phone/network/anonymous user/abusing message/signal; block (n): ~ algebra/method/code; ~ of code/flats/shares; in ~s; building/ control/data//memory/message/queue storage ~, syn. barrier, obstacle, impediment, hindrance; blockage (n): manual/mechanical ~, ~ factor; blocked (adj); blocker (n), blockout (n)

syn. stop, prevent from, hinder, ban

ant. permit, give access, allow

5. 7

Blog (n)

(web + log)

a site maintained by an individual or a business with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video

create/maintain/add content to/ contribute to a ~, ~ /client/ host/-hosting; corporate/company/news/ business ~; blogger (n): popular/notorious ~;

(micro)blogging (n): the art of ~;

syn. online journal

Cf. splog (n)=(spam+blog)

6. 8

Bookmark (n)

a strip of leather, card, etc., used to mark one's place in a book; a record of the address of a file, Internet page, or other data enabling quick access by a user

create/delete/share/follow a ~, a ~ list; bookmarker (n); bookmarking (n): clever/frequent/individual ~;

syn. clip, holder, marker

Browse (v)

survey goods for sale in a leisurely and casual way; read or survey (data files) via a network

~ around the store/through the newspaper; ~ the web/web pages; browse (adj): a ~ list/mode/; browser (n): web/popular/heavy ~, ~ interface; browsing (n): web/easy/computer ~; browsable (adj);

syn. surf

Cast (v)

throw something forcefully; cause (light or shadow) to appear on a surface; arrange and present in a specified form or style

~ a smile/a net/anchor; ~ back/aside/ down/away; ~  doubts/lots; casting (n): life ~; cast (n): web/broad/pod/milti/vod ~;

syn. emit, put on air

Clickbait (n)

enticing readers to click through to the full story with a misleading or sensationalist headline, usually with the goal of generating page views and advertising revenue

~ headlines/titles/news; clickbaiting (n): engage in ~

Clickthrough rate (CTR) (n)

a common method of reporting on the number of people who have viewed a message or a piece of content and clicked on the ad or link

increase/decrease/raise/lower/boost the ~; high/low ~

Cookie (n)

a sweet biscuit; a small identifier file placed on a user’s computer by a Web site, which logs information about the user and their previous/current visits

~ data/file/information/sheet/

verification; ~-enabled browser; delete/steal/spy/create (automatically)/enable/disable/allow/switch on (off) ~s

Content(s) (n)

sng.: a state of satisfaction; pl.: the material dealt with in a speech, literary work, etc. as distinct from its form or style; information made available by a website or other electronic medium

the ~ of the matter; low fat ~; online ~ providers; be ~ with sth; ~ oneself with sth; time of ~; contentless (adj); contented (adj): feel ~;~ -based coding/information retrieval; ~ -driven document;

~s of a book; table of ~ s; the ~s page/list/directory/dictionary;

~ analysis/decoder /management/ filtering/provider/test/service;

~ of file/data stream/message; block/ provide/create/show/restrict the ~s

syn. essence

13. C

Community (n)

a group of people living together in one place, especially one practicing common ownership; a web society uniting people with the same interests, social values and or other particular characteristics

the international/European/virtual/ research/information/online/user/AI ~; ~ service/center/college/facilities /health service/worker;

syn. society, group

Creep (v)

move slowly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed; spend an extended period of time looking through someone’s profiles, photos, and videos on social media

~ up to sth/forward/back/slowly; creeping (n): ~ access/code/failure/ movement/speed; creeper (n): anonymous/irritating/fanatic/ addicted ~

15. 14

Crowdfunding (n)

the act of soliciting donations or investments from online users who collectively raise money to support a cause or to underwrite a project

vast/urgent/quick/skillful ~ ; try/succeed in/raise money through/ resort to ~

16. 15

Cyber (adj)

relating to or characteristic of the culture of computers, information technology, and virtual reality

~ age; ~ space/warfare/crime/life/ criminal/offence/theft/cash/ culture/mail/café/sport/terrorism/ citizen/phobia/security/slacker/speak/squatting/stalkng; cybernated (adj): ~ humanity; cybernation (n): of the world; cybernaut (n); cybernetic (adj): ~ approach/control/machine/ model/ system; cybernetics (n); cyborg (n);

syn. virtual

17. 18

E- (pfx)

denoting the use of electronic data transfer in cyberspace, especially through the Internet

~-mail/book/journal/commerce/ banking/learning/cash/zine/crime/

literacy/business/culture/government/library/payment/publishing/voting

Emoticon (n) (emotion + icon)

a representation of a facial expression such as a smile or frown, formed by various combinations of keyboard characters and used in electronic communications to convey the writer's feelings or intended tone

strange/(in)appropriate/(ir)relevant/

funny/angry/vertical/horizontal/sticker ~; send/attach/add/choose an ~;

syn. smiley

FAQ (acr) (frequently asked questions)

a text file containing a list of questions and answers relating to a particular subject, esp. the one giving basic information for users of an Internet newsgroup

publish/consult/ignore/look through/find the answer in ~;

Cf. FAQL (frequently asked question list)

20. 19

Feed (v)

frequently updated content subscription to which allows to read the latest posts or watch the newest videos on any computer or portable device

latest/irritating/abusing/ parallel ~; web/news/events/line/power ~; (un)subscribe to the ~

21. 21

Forum (n)

a meeting or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged; an online discussion site

discussion/international ~; join/provide a ~ for sb/sth; World Telecommunication ~; Independent Software Developers ~; pl. fora

syn. conference, newsgroup

22. 22

Geotagging (n)

the process of adding location-based metadata to media such as photos, video or online maps

automatic/precise/user’s ~; use/

resort to/refer to/be guided by ~

Link (n)

a relationship between two things or situations; a reference in an electronic document that lets a user display or activate another document or program; a reference to data that the reader can directly follow by clicking

perma/hyper/data/cable/fiber-optic/implicit /logical/transmission/ transport ~; follow/click on/build/ manage/control a ~; ~ access/address/control/error/file;

linked (adj): ~ list/document/ communication; link-up (n): a live satellite ~; linkable (adj): ~ cycle; linkability (n): ~ of devices/equipment; linkage (n): external/internal ~;

syn. tie, connection (cross-)reference,

Cf. liason

24. 28

Log (v)

enter (an incident or fact) in the log of a ship or aircraft or in another systematic record; go through the procedures to begin (or conclude) using a computer system

~ in to/out of a server; log (n): ~ command/entry/file/journal/ message/server; logger (n): site/internet ~; logged (adj): ~ data/drive; logger (n): data/ multichannel/system ~, ~ machine; logging (n): error/executive /failure/ machine time ~, ~ printer/unit;

login (n): user /remote/automatic ~; ~ name/password/directory/ procedure/prompt/command file; disable a ~;

syn. log on/off

Mail (n)

letters and parcels sent by post; electronic mail

e-/postal/snail/incoming/daily/direct ~; ~ box/edition/filter/program/ system/ server/list/bot/man; send/order by ~; check/receive/redirect/delete/sort out the ~; mailable (adj);

mailing (adj): ~ list/list manager/processor /program;

syn. listserver (listserv)

26. 31

Meme (n)

an element of a culture or system of behavior that may be considered to be passed from one individual to another by imitation; an image with text, video or link describing a thought, idea, joke, or concept to be shared online

interesting/video/colorful/funny/

absurd ~; spread/track/follow a ~;

memetic (adj): ~ algorithm/code/spread

Media (n)

media (pl.): the main means of mass communication (television, radio, and newspapers) regarded collectively;

medium (sng.): a means by which sth is communicated or expressed; a particular storage container for computer files, such as magnetic tape or a disc

(pl.) civic/social/mass/local/ broadcasting/ multi/interactive/

multiple/network/communication/ physical/source code ~, ~ art/event/ library/studies/processor/-specific;

~ access/control /adapter/computer/ frequency; ~-capacity/-run/-sized;

(sng) automated data/empty /information-carrying/input/output/ interactive/magnetic/recording/ storage /transfer/transmission/ (non)volatile ~; the ~ of instruction

syn. means

28. 4

Monitor (v)

observe and check the progress or quality of sth over a period of time; observe some activities and measure them against benchmark policies and rules

~ activity/function/signal; monitor (n): black and white/color/CRT/refreshed/ enhanced RGB/system/flat-screen/LCD/LED/thin-film/VGA/TV ~; ~ amplifier/display/ mode/signal/ switch; monitored (adj); monitoring (n): call/low-battery/performance/ security threat/heat/pulse/remote/ access ~, ~ of production performance/tool breakage; ~ equipment/technology/window;

syn. control, check, audit

Navigate (v)

guide (a vessel or vehicle) over a specified route, especially with difficulty, by using instruments or maps; move around a website, the Internet, etc.

~ a vessel/a course/the Internet/around the Web/a car through the traffic; be ~ed by the stars; ~ skillfully; ~ the keyboard; navigable (adj): ~ path/waterway; navigating (adj): ~ officer; navigation (n): electronic ~, ~ aids/air radar/area/button/canal/ computer/control/ electronics/ facilities/instrument/kit/support/

satellite; syn. shipping; navigational (adj): database/guidance/parameter/ query; navigator (n): television/driver’s/ GSM ~

Password (v)

a secret word or phrase that must be used to gain admission to a place; a string of characters that allows someone access to a computer system

generate/change/supply/enter a ~; multi (single)-user/one-time ~, ~ ageing/authentication /changing/ identification/logout/security/ verification; ~-protected;

Cf. identification

Post (v)

send by post; display (a notice) in a public place; make (information) available on the Internet; send (a message) to an Internet bulletin board or newsgroup

~ a message/status; ~ on the wall/internet/site; ~ in sb’s blog; post (n): place a ~, a ~ bag/boy/card/ box/exchange /office; postal (adj): ~ address/code/ service/transaction; send/receive by ~; log/actual/provocative/clever/funny ~;

syn. mail, correspondence, public message

Cf. poste restante

Site (n)

an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed; (short for website) an Internet location that maintains one or more web pages

do sth on ~; ~ visits; a landfill ~; appear/post on the ~; close/block/ban/develop/design/ control/address/ administer the ~;

~ admin/control/ database/ development/license/name/ safety/server/testing; compromise a ~; spyware ~;

syn. place, location, spot

33. 42

Spam (n) 

irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent on the Internet to a large number of newsgroups or users for advertizing purposes

send/receive/delete/block/report/ avoid ~; ~ filter/bot/buster/victim; spammer (n): annoying/irritating/advertising ~; spamming (n): ~ of mailboxes/ accounts; spamster (n);

syn. junk mail

Status (n)

relative social or professional position; the current condition a device or a user is in

~ of the person/bill, ~ bar/error/ control/monitoring/indicator (ion)/message/report, update/post/ delete/change/announce/

maintain/preserve/restore the ~; availability/(in)active/current ~; statutory (adj): ~ order/instrument;

syn. state, position

Cf. status quo

Stream (n)

a long, narrow strip of material used as a decoration or symbol; a continuous flow of data or instructions, typically one having a constant or predictable rate

TV/radio/video/information/ communication/ file/input/output/ manager/mode/flow ~; ~ of data; instruction/media ~; stream (v); streamed (adj): ~ content/students; streamer (n): a plastic/ party/multi-coloured ~ ; decorate/adorn with ~s; digital recording ~; streaming (adj): TV/video ~, audio ~;

syn. poster, slogan, cascade, flood

Trace (v)

follow or mark the course or position of sth; find or discover sth by investigation

~ a(n) signal/person/activity/actions; ~ back; trace (n): electrical/path/program/ return/reverse/signal ~; ~ analysis/ filter/interval/leakage/method/ scheduling; traceable (adj): barely ~; traceability (n); traced (adj): ~ profile; traceless (adj): ~ matrix/operator; tracer (n): ~ activity;

syn. debugger

Thread (n)

a long, thin strand of fibers used in sewing or weaving; a topic or subtopic within an electronic discussion group or forum; a programming structure or process linking a number of separate elements concurrently executed in multithreading

execution/main/single ~, ~ group/ID/package/time/detector(ion)/

failure/formation; start/close/continue /limit a ~;

thread (v): ~ a needle;

threaded (adj): ~ file;

threading (n): multi ~, ~ facility/tool

38. 45

Virtual

not physically existing as such but made by software to appear to do so; an online computer-simulated space

~ world/reality/function/address/ business/call /network/channel/ community/computer/connection/ database/device/directory/disk/library/meeting/memory/server/storage; virtualization (n): ~ engine/ implementation/management/ platform/software/technique/

technology; virtualize (v); virtually (adv): ~ impossible; virtuality (n);

syn. Cyber; ant. real, actual

39. 46

Web

(World Wide Web)

a widely used information system on the Internet enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another

~ conferencing/casting/publishing/ browsing/programming, ~ page/address/ application/ browser/designer/document/host/ interface/infrastructure/server/space/cast; ~-based administration/ email/solution;

syn. the Internet, global network

Cf. webinar, web-master, webcam, webisode, webzine

40. 50

Wiki

(from the Hawaiian “wiki wiki” which means “super fast”) a website or database developed collaboratively by a community of users, allowing any user to add and edit content

~pedia/books; media ~; ~leaks

Cf. encyclopedia

1. block

2. community

3. emoticon

4. forum

5. link

6. monitor

7. WWW

1. virtual

2. block

3. log in

4. snail mail

5. Wikipedia

6. control

7. anonymous

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

accountably

link

mail

monitored

navigable

stream

trace

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

1

cyber

2

3

4

5

6

7

Verb

Target vocabulary unit

1

a blog

2

3

4

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

1

contents

2

3

4

5

6

Adjective/Noun

Target vocabulary unit

1

feed

2

3

4

5

6

7

Verb

Target vocabulary unit

1

cookies

2

3

4

5

6

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

1

e-

2

3

4

5

6

7

Target vocabulary unit

Adjective/Noun

1

password

2

3

4

5

6

1. anonymity

A. a small identifier file placed on a user’s computer by a Web site, which logs information about the user and their previous/current visits for the use of the site next time the user makes contact

2. avatar

B. a location connected to the Internet that maintains one or more web pages

3. clickbait

C. the state of being purposely unknown, concealing one’s identity

4. CTR

D. a text file containing a list of questions and answers relating to a particular subject

5. cookie

E. a movable icon representing a person in cyberspace or virtual reality graphics

6. FAQ

F. a common metric for reporting on the number of people who viewed a message or piece of content and clicked on the ad or link

7. meme

G. an image with text, video or link describing a thought, idea, joke, or concept to be shared online

8. site

H. web content with a misleading or sensationalist headline that entices readers to click through to the full story, usually with the goal of generating page views and advertising revenue

Concepts

Type of logical relations

1. cookie – spying

A. general and specific

2. blog – online journal

B. cause and effect

3. mail – postal mail

C. contrast

4. virtual – real

D. equivalence

5. post – site

E. part and whole

6. spam - spam-filter

F. method and purpose

7. Internet - WWW

emoticon – meme

blog – site

wikipedia - encyclopedia

clickbait – link

www - the Internet - cyberspace

1. bookmark

2. crowdfunding

3. FAQ

4. e-mail

5. password

6. status

7. thread

8. account

Concept

Advantages

Disadvantages

1. cookie

2. geotagging

3. navigator

4. spam

5. avatar

6. crowdfunding

7. wikipedia

1

Mark the odd word: a) block b) permit c) give access d) allow

2

Alexandria is _________ by a network of railway and telegraph lines to the other towns of Egypt. a) linked b) linking c) linkage d) links

3

What is the logical relationship between the concepts “virtual – real”:

a) general and specific b) cause and effect c) method and purpose d) contrast

4

All of these are synonymous to the word “link” EXCEPT FOR:

a) tie b) connection c) cross-reference d) thread

5

E-mail and spam differ mostly by their ___.

a) size b) time of delivery c) purpose d) price

6

A location connected to the Internet that maintains one or more web pages is known as a ___. a) blog b) cookie c) site d) link

7

What is the logical relationship between “a blog” and “an online journal”:

a) general – specific b) method – purpose c) part – whole d) equivalence

8

What is the logical relationship between “mail” and “postal mail”:

a) general – specific b) method – purpose c) part – whole d) equivalence

9

Blog and forum differ mostly by the: a) purpose b) number of authors c) location d) topic

10

Choose the correct preposition: Everybody can contribute ___ Wikipedia.

a) with b) in c) to d) for

11

A movable icon representing a person in cyberspace is known as a(n):

a) avatar b) meme c) emoticon d) status

12

Choose the correct preposition: Computers account ____ 5% of the country's commercial electricity consumption. a) with b) in c) for d) on

13

Mark the odd word: a) account b) accountability c) accountant d) accountable

14

_________ TV is gaining more and more popularity.

a) stream b) streaming c) streamer d) streamed

15

Which of the following concepts denotes physical connection:

a) www b) network c) the Internet d) cyberspace

16

Maintaining a site with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material: a) browsing b) blogging c) chatting d) casting

17

Choose the most appropriate word: The programmer successfully ____ some of software bugs. a) traceless b) traced c) tracing d) trace

18

All of these denote “data rate” EXCEPT FOR:

a) bandwidth b) latency c) throughput d) data transfer capacity

19

All of these collocate with the noun “crowdfunding” EXCEPT FOR:

a) succeed in b) allocate c) raise money through d) try

20

All of these collocate with the noun “password” EXCEPT FOR:

a) ageing b) stalking c) generation d) authentication