Grammar focus Participle

Task 1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying special attention to the underlined participles. State the type (I, II) of the participles.

1. The rain of pumice continued for several hours, accumulating at the rate of 12 to 15 cm per hour.

2. Once the passageway is completed, the hot gases, armed with rock fragments, erode its walls, producing a larger conduit.

3. As magma moves up in the vent, the gases rapidly expand, generating a melt that resembles the froth that flows from a bottle of champagne.

4. Feldspar masses the size of houses have been quarried from a pegmatite located in North Carolina.

5. Some lahars may be triggered when magma is emplaced near the surface, causing large volumes of ice and snow to melt.

6. More than 100,000 people live in the valleys around Rainier, and many homes are built on deposits left by lahars that flowed down the volcano hundreds or thousands of years ago.

7. One well documented event of historic proportions was the AD 79 eruption of the Italian volcano we now call Vesuvius.

8. These low-density clouds, called surges, can be deadly but seldom have sufficient force to destroy buildings in their paths.

Task 2. Build up 5 types of questions to the given sentences paying special attention to the underlined participles. Translate the given sentences into Ukrainian.

1. When gravity eventually overcomes the initial upward thrust provided by the escaping gases, the ejecta begin to fall, sending massive amounts of incandescent blocks, ash, and pumice cascading downslope.

2. Pyroclastic flows are a mixture of hot gases and pyroclastic materials moving along the ground, driven primarily by gravity.

3. By reconciling historical records with detailed scientific studies of the region, volcanologists have pieced together the chronology of the destruction of Pompeii.

Individual reading

Task 1. Read the following text, translate it into Ukrainian (in written form).

Common Metamorphic Rocks Foliated Rocks

SLATE. Slate is a very fine-grained (less than 0.5 mm) foliated rock composed of minute mica flakes that are too small to be visible. Thus, slate generally appears dull and closely resembles shale. A noteworthy characteristic of slate is its excellent rock cleavage, or tendency to break into flat slabs.

PHYLLITE. Phyllite represents a gradation in the degree of metamorphism between slate and schist. Its constituent platy minerals are larger than those in slate but not yet large enough to be readily identifiable with the unaided eye. Although phyllite appears similar to slate, it can be easily distinguished from slate by its glossy sheen and its sometimes wavy surface.

SCHIST. Schists are medium to coarse-grained metamorphic rocks in which platy minerals predominate. These flat components commonly include the micas (muscovite and biotite), which display a planar alignment that gives the rock its foliated texture.

GNEISS. Gneiss is the term applied to medium- to coarse-grained banded metamorphic rocks in which granular and elongated (as opposed to platy) minerals predominate. The most common minerals in gneiss are quartz, potassium feldspar, and sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar. Most gneisses also contain lesser amounts of biotite, muscovite, and amphibole that develop a preferred orientation.