Grammar focus Gerund

Task 1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the gerunds in the sentences.

1. Nothing can be done but wait for its being eliminated.

2. The engineer insists on those devices being a new step in the development of technique.

3. On finding that the estimation of these coefficients involves a number of uncertainties, he couldn’t make any definite generalizations.

4. He recollected that there were evidences of its having been used before the 18^th century.

5. The possibility of chemical energy being transformed into electric energy is evident.

6. Carrying this test successfully was helped by the careful investigations of outstanding scientists.

7. It is conventional starting the engine from cold.

8. The possibility of observing the nascent state of magnetism visually is of great interest.

9. We are against postponing the negotiations on this question.

10. They continued testing until the sample was destroyed.

Discussion

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:

enhance - збільшувати, підсилювати	buff - ясно-жовтий; жовтувато-коричневий
abundance - велика кількість, надлишок, безліч, поширеність	consequently - отже, в результаті
verify - підтверджувати; встановлювати автентичність	distinguish from – відрізнятися від
void - пора, пустота в породі	intertwined – переплетений, закручений
common - широко розповсюджений, поширений	noticeable - помітний, примітний, вартий уваги
extrusive – екструзивний (який виступає, який стирчить)	pumice - пемза
voluminous - об’ємний, широкий, багаточисленний	shard - осколок, уламок

Task 2. Read the text. Translate it into Ukrainian.

Felsic (Granitic) Igneous Rocks

GRANITE. Granite is perhaps the best known of all igneous rocks. This is partly because of its natural beauty, which is enhanced when it is polished, and partly because of its abundance in the continental crust. Slabs of polished granite are commonly used for tombstones and monuments and as building stones. Granite is a coarse-grained rock composed of about 25 % quartz and roughly 65 percent feldspar, mostly potassium-and sodium-rich varieties. Other minor constituents of granite include muscovite and some dark silicates, particularly biotite and amphibole. When potassium feldspar is dominant and dark pink in color, granite appears reddish. However, the feldspar grains are more often white to gray, so when they are mixed with lesser amounts of dark silicates, granite appears light gray in color.

RHYOLITE. Rhyolite is the extrusive equivalent of granite and, like granite, is composed essentially of the light-colored silicates. This fact accounts for its color, which is usually buff to pink or occasionally very light gray. Rhyolite is fine-grained and frequently contains glass fragments and voids, indicating rapid cooling in a surface environment. In contrast to granite, which is widely distributed as large plutonic masses, rhyolite deposits are less common and generally less voluminous.

OBSIDIAN. Obsidian is a dark-colored glassy rock that usually forms when silica-rich lava is quenched quickly. In contrast to the orderly arrangement of ions characteristic of minerals, the ions in glass are unordered. Consequently, glassy rocks such as obsidian are not composed of minerals in the same sense as most other rocks.

PUMICE. Pumice is a volcanic rock with a glassy texture that forms when large amounts of gas escape through silica-rich lava to generate a gray, frothy mass. In some samples, the voids are quite noticeable, whereas in others the pumice resembles fine shards of intertwined glass. Because of the large percentage of voids, many samples of pumice will float when placed in water.