Grammar focus

Indirect Speech

Task 1. Rebuild the following sentences from direct into indirect speech. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

E.g. He said, “Sometimes, powerful hot blasts that carry small amounts of ash separate from the main body of a pyroclastic flow.” – He said that sometimes, powerful hot blasts that carried small amounts of ash separated from the main body of a pyroclastic flow.

He said,

1. “Driven by gravity, pyroclastic flows tend to move in a manner similar to snow avalanches.”

2. “Scientists discovered that masonry walls nearly a meter thick were knocked over like dominoes, large trees were uprooted, and cannons were torn from their mounts.”

3. “On a global scale many destructive eruptions have occurred during the past few thousand years, a few of which may have influenced the course of human civilization.”

4. “The classic composite cone is a large, nearly symmetrical structure consisting of alternating layers of explosively erupted cinders and ash interbedded with lava flows.”

5. “When the activity became localized, a cinder and spatter cone, given the Hawaiian name Puu Oo, was built.”

6. “These pyroclastic fragments range in size from fine ash to bombs that may exceed a meter in diameter.”

7. “The longest and largest rift eruption ever recorded on Kilauea began in 1983 and continues to this day, with no signs of abating.”

8. “Because these erosive forces are concentrated on any protrusion along the pathway, the volcanic pipes that are produced tend to develop a circular shape.”

9. “On the island of Hawaii, these lavas have been clocked at 30 km per hour down steep slopes.”

10. “Another economically important mineral with an igneous origin is diamond.”

Task 2. Rebuild the following sentences from direct into indirect speech. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

He asked,

1. “Why do some volcanoes form on the ocean floor, while others occur on the continents?”

2. “What materials are associated with a volcanic eruption?”

3. “How do calderas form?”

4. “What changes in a volcanic landscape can be monitored to detect the movement of magma?”

5. “Did the magma from which this rock formed likely originate in the mantle or in the crust?”

6. “Would you expect all of the crystals in an intrusive igneous rock to be the same size?”

7. “Was the magma likely a very high temperature magma or a fairly low temperature magma?”

8. “What other minerals might make up the rest of this rock?”

Discussion

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:

estimate – обчислити, вирахувати	heft – зважити на руці
gravity – тяжіння, вага	density – щільність, питома вага
magnetite – магнітний залізняк	galena – галеніт, свинцевий блиск
matter – речовина, матерія	pyrite - пірит, залізний колчедан
roughly - приблизно	weight - вага

Task 2. Read the text. Translate it into Ukrainian. Talk about density and specific gravity as important properties of matter. Transcribe the following words: ratio, weight, pyrite, magnetite, galena, ore.