Grammar focus The Passive Voice (1)

Task 1. Read the following sentences, translate them into Ukrainian. Pay special attention to the verbs in the Passive Voice, state their tense forms.

1. The first attempts to outline plate boundaries were made using locations of earthquakes.

2. Plates are bounded by three distinct types of boundaries, which are differentiated by the type of relative movement they exhibit.

3. None of the ocean floor that has been dated exceeds 180 million years in age.

4. The oceanic lithosphere is elevated, because it is hot and occupies more volume than do cooler rocks.

5. As new lithosphere is formed along the oceanic ridge, it is slowly yet continually displaced

6. from the zone of upwelling along the ridge axis.

7. Although new lithosphere is constantly being added at the oceanic ridges, the planet is not growing in size.

8. Most volcanic island arcs are found in the Pacific Ocean.

9. During the collision, the continental crust buckled, fractured, and was generally shortened and thickened.

Task 2. Put various types of questions to the sentences; pay special attention to the word order of the sentences with the Passive Voice. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

Model: Other elements found in the universe have been converted from hydrogen and helium due to nuclear fusions in stars.

A general question: Have other elements found in the universe been converted from hydrogen and helium due to nuclear fusions in stars?

A special question: what have other elements found in the universe been converted from?

An alternative question: Have other elements found in the universe been converted from hydrogen or helium or both of them?

A disjunctive question: Other elements found in the universe have been converted from hydrogen and helium due to nuclear fusions in stars, haven’t they?

1. Although most transform faults are located along oceanic ridges, some slice through the continents.

2. The Antarctic and African plates are almost entirely bounded by spreading centers and hence are growing larger.

3. The Pacific plate is being subducted along much of its perimeter and is therefore diminishing in area.

4. New plate boundaries are created in response to changes in the forces acting on the lithosphere.

5. This movement is ultimately driven by the unequal distribution of heat within Earth.

6. None of the plates is defined entirely by the margins of a single continent.

7. During the past several decades a great deal has been learned about the workings of our dynamic planet.

8. The notion of drifting continents was received with great scepticism and even ridicule.

Discussion

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:

retard – затримувати, уповільнювати	vigorous – сильний, енергійний
waterlogged – заболочений, затоплений	drain – осушувати, здійснювати дренаж
accelerated - прискорений	nonexistent - неіснуючий
transported soil – наносний грунт	overshadow – затьмарюватись
parent material – материнська або корінна порода	residual soil – безструктурний грунт; елювій
bottomland - заплава	saturated – заболочений, просичений вологою
precipitation – опади; випадання опадів	steepness - крутість
interdependent -взаємозалежний	unconsolidated – пухкий; той, що не затвердів
soak in – всмоктатись, просочитись

Task 2. Read the text. Translate it into Ukrainian. Talk about soil formation controls.