Discussion

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:

picturesque - мальовничий	alternating – змінний, періодичний; той, що змінює один одного
pea - горошина	armor – служити щитом, опорою
coalescence - з'єднання, злипання; зрощення	cinder cones – пепловий конус, туфовий конус, шлаковий конус
scoria – вулканічні шлаки	clinker – застигла лава, шлак, окалина
downwind - підвітряний	composite cones – конус змішаного типу; складний конус; стратовулкан
repose - спокій	elongated – витягнутий, подовжений
vesicular - пористий	exhibit – показувати, проявляти
in flight – під час витоку	fine ash – дрібний попіл
interbedded – впластований, проміжний, проникний	persistent - постійний
domed – той, що має куполоподібну форму	resemble - нагадувати
loose - пухкий	slope – схил
gradually - поступово	sloping - похилий
owe one’s shape – завдячувати чиїсь формі	steep - крутий
seamount – підводна гора	walnut – волоський горіх
markedly – помітно, явно

Task 2. Read the text. Translate it into Ukrainian. Talk about the main types of volcanoes.

Types of volcanoes

1. Shield Volcanoes

Shield volcanoes are produced by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas and exhibit the shape of a broad, slightly domed structure that resembles a warrior’s shield. Most shield volcanoes begin on the ocean floor as seamounts, a few of which grow large enough to form volcanic islands. In fact, with the exception of the volcanic islands that form above subduction zones, most other oceanic islands are either single shield volcanoes, or more often the coalescence of two or more shields built upon massive amounts of pillow lavas. Examples include the Canary Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Galapagos, and Easter Island.

2. Cinder Cones

As the name suggests, cinder cones (also called scoria cones) are built from ejected lava fragments that take on the appearance of cinders or clinkers as they begin to harden in flight. These pyroclastic fragments range in size from fine ash to bombs that may exceed a meter in diameter. However, most of the volume of a cinder cone consists of pea- to walnut-sized lapilli that are markedly vesicular and have a black to reddish-brown color (these vesicular rock fragments are called scoria.) Although cinder cones are composed mostly of loose pyroclastic material, they sometimes extrude lava. On such occasions the discharges most often come from vents located at or near the base rather than from the summit crater. Cinder cones have very simple, distinctive shapes determined by the slope that loose pyroclastic material maintains as it comes to rest. Because cinders have a high angle of repose (the steepest angle at which material remains stable), cinder cones are steep-sided, having slopes between 30 and 40 degrees. In addition, cinder cones have large, deep craters in relation to the overall size of the structure. Although relatively symmetrical, many cinder cones are elongated and higher on the side that was downwind during the eruptions.