4. Decide which statements are true and which ones are false.

1. Foundations carry both the dead and wind loads.

2. There are four main types of foundations: (1) spread, (2) pier, (3) pile, and (4) raft.

3. The dead load of a building is the weight of the furniture, equipment, stored material, and occupants of a building.

4. The wind load may also be an important factor along with the snow load and earthquake shocks.

5. If the bed consists of firm clay, the pier is usually belled out (enlarged) at the base, to increase the bearing area.

6. The columns of pile foundations transmit the building load to the supporting soil.

5. Complete the sentences.

1. The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either …

2. Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including foundations, …

3. Spread foundations are not so firm as those …

4. A bed of pier foundations may also be …

5. Long, slender columns of steel, concrete, or wood transmit the building load …

6. Most skyscrapers are supported …

6. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What purpose were the first houses build for?

2. The buildings erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing or for industrial purpose, aren’t they?

3. What types can the building be divided into, as far as the material is concerned?

4. Is brick an artificial or natural material?

5. What kind of stone is used for foundations?

6. What makes various parts of a building?

7. What is called the foundation?

8. Both the substructure and the superstructure help to support the load (weight) of the building, don’t they?

9. Is the live load the total weight of all parts of a building?

10. What are the four main types of foundations?

11. Is spread foundation a firm one?

12. Are long, slender columns of steel, concrete, or wood pile or pier foundations ?

13. Where are mat foundations normally used?

7. Study the following pairs of derivatives. Transform as in the models.

V→N

to build - builder

to drive - driver

to erect - erection

to combine - combination

to divide - division

to include - inclusion

to extend - extension

N→V

owner - to owe

layer - to lay

escalator - to escalate

classification - to classify

foundation - to found

construction - to construct

basement - to base

equipment - to equip

settlement - to settle

furniture - to furnish

occupant - to occupy

weight - to weigh

Adj→N

industrial - industry

natural - nature

structural - structure

mechanical - mechanic

electrical - electricity

economical - economy

Model 1: to combine materials – the combination of materials

To erect the building, to divide the building, to combine materials, to include the basement walls, to extend above the ground.

Model 2: the type of foundation - the foundation type

The weight of the furniture, the slab of concrete, the column of steel, a bed of sand, a layer of soil.