Начало формы

S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro-Technical University

Technical faculty

Department of Agricultural and post-harvesting Machines

LABORATORY WORK

on subject «Adjustment and linkage of Agricultural machinery»

Theme: Cultivator machinery

Astana 2012

Considered and approved at the meeting of Methodological Council of S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro-Technical University Protocol №___ «___»_______________2012

«APPROVED» Chairman of Methodological Council of S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro-Technical University Protocol №___ _____________A.M.Abdyrov «___»_______________2012

Authors: Yeskhozhin К. – Candidat of Techical Sciense, Associate Professor of the Department of Agricultural and post-harvesting Machines .

Educational-methodical __________ is designed for training on discipline "Microbiology and Virology" for students on specialty 5V070100 - "Biotechnology"

Учебно-методические указания составлены в соответствии с рабочим учебным планом специальности.

Методические указания предназначены для студентов специальностей 5В080600 – «Agricultural techniques and technology» и включает в себя задания к лабораторно-практическим занятиям и самостоятельной работе, списки учебной литературы и контрольные вопросы для самопроверки.

Reviewers:

Reviewed and recommended at a meeting of the Department of Agricultural and post-harvesting Machines .

Protocol № ___, of "__" ___________ 2012.

Reviewed and recommended at a meeting of the methodical commission of Technical Faculty.

Protocol № ___, of "__" ___________ 2012.

Power-driven cultivators and harrows, tined implements, disc harrows, rolls and hoes are included in a wide selection of tillage equip­ment available to the farmer. Many of these implements are traditionally used after the plough to prepare a seedbed but in some areas minimal cultivation techniques, without the use of a plough, are preferred by arable farmers. Between 3 m and 8 m of seedbed can be prepared in a single pass with one of several different com­binations of subsoiling tines, rigid and spring tines, discs, levelling harrow, crumbier roller or packer rollers. If a grain drill and covering tines are added, a crop of grain, beans or rape can be sown at the same time. Cultivation machinery is also used for stubble breaking, cutting up crop residues and inter-row cultivators.

Tined cultivators have been used to prepare seedbeds since the days of the horse and the traction engine. Power driven harrows and cul­tivators are preferred by most arable farmers, who use them to prepare seedbeds or in combi­nation with a grain drill to cultivate and drill in a single pass.

1. Cultivators

A cultivator has a frame with a number of tines for breaking and stirring the soil. It is usually tractor mounted and working depth is con­trolled hydraulically. Large mounted cultiva­tors often have depth control wheels. As with all cultivation machinery, there is a wide range of working widths, from 2-8 m, to suit all sizes of tractor.

Figure 1. This 4 m spring tined cultivator with crumbier rollers is folded hydraulically

to reduce the overall width to 2.5 m for transport.

2. Types of tine and share

Rigid tines. Used for heavier work, the tines are staggered across the frame to allow free passage of soil and reduce blockages.

Spring-loaded tines. These are non-flexible tines, held in their working position by heavy springs. The tines lift a little on hitting a large clod, the spring pressure pulling the tine down again, and this action helps to shatter the soil.

Spring tines. These are flexible, square or flat sectioned, sometimes with a coil at the top, which vibrate in the soil. The vibrating move­ment of the tines will give fast seedbed prepara­tion in most conditions.

Share. The reversible share is used for seedbed and general work. Duckfoot and broadshares are mainly used for stubble breaking and cleaning. When worn, the shares must be replaced.

Figure 2. Types of tine and share.

The uses of cultivators

1. Seedbed preparation, especially after plough­ing.

2. Stubble cleaning and breaking.

3. General weed control.

4. Cultivating between potatoes and other rowcrops. The tines are grouped to pass between the rows without disturbing the crop.

2. Combination Cultivators

Seedbeds can be made in a single pass by using a combination cultivator with a mix of tines, discs, rolls and levelling boards mounted on a heavy wheeled frame. Some farmers use com­bination cultivators to prepare seedbeds on pre­viously ploughed land in a single pass. Others use these implements, often combined with a grain drill, to cultivate and drill a crop directly into stubble, harvest trash or other unbroken ground.

Minimal tillage techniques which save both time and money are becoming increasingly popular especially in grain-growing areas. The arrangement of the various discs, tines, presses and levelling boards varies with different makes and models and as they are made in a range of working widths from 3 to 8m or more they require a tractor in the 112-225 kW (150-300 hp) power range. Some designs of combination cultivator are better suited to heavy land while others work best in light soils.

One type of combination cultivator, made in various widths from 3 to 7 m, is carried on open cage rollers at the front and rear when in the working position. A spring-loaded, adjustable levelling board behind the front roller crushes large clods and levels the surface. Rows of spring tines follow the levelling board and the rear open roller gives added consolidation and leaves a level finish. The wider models have hydraulically folded wing sections and a hydrau­lic ram lowers a pair of transport wheels.