Wordbuilding

a dj bad – badly

n + -ly = adv friend – friendly

num first – firstly

I. Make adverbs from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

bad, second, part, quick, strong, short, silent, rapid, wide, extreme, cruel, kind, happy, active, direct, easy, final, natural, normal, slow, serious, usual, sudden, love, day, hour, month, week, name, slight, high, exact, regular, artificial, ready.

v + -ment = n to manage – management, to pay – payment

II. Make nouns from the following verbs with the help of suffix -ment and translate them into Ukrainian:

to develop, to achieve, to move, to arrange, to treat, to state, to improve, to agree, to equip, to govern, to require, to measure, to announce, to pave, to establish.

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES:

I. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

condition

to carry out

temporary

to undergo

solution

to contribute

array

inheritable

total

excessive

sample

drug

agriculture

умова

виконувати

тимчасовий

піддаватися

розчин

сприяти

сукупність

спадковий

повний

надмірний

зразок

ліки

землеробство

self-replicate

enzyme

degree

tremendously

to facilitate

blood

disease

disorder

to cause

measurement

illness

tool

to prove

реплікуватися

фермент

ступінь

надзвичайно

полегшувати

кров

хвороба

хвороба

спричиняти

вимір

хвороба

інструмент

доводити

urease

controversial

to accept

to purify

exception

уреаза

спірний

приймати

очищати

виключення

to elucidate

discovery

pure

conclusion

to receive

пояснювати

відкриття

чистий

висновок

отримувати

II. Read the following biological terms. Translate them without a dictionary paying attention to the part of speech:

enzyme n, to stabilize v, substrate n, specificity n, aqueous adj, blood n, nerve n, erythrocyte n, technology n, agriculture n, to isolate v, idea n, mechanism n.

III. Read the text below using a dictionary where necessary: Enzymes

T here are two fundamental conditions for life. First, the organism must self-replicate; second, it must catalyze chemical reactions efficiently and selectively. The agents that carry out most of the catalysis in living organisms are proteins called enzymes. They are the most remarkable and highly specialized proteins that control body chemistry. Enzymes have extraordinary catalytic power, often far greater than that of synthetic or inorganic catalysts. The unique three-dimensional shape of an enzyme enables it to stabilize a temporary association between substrates, the molecules that will undergo the reaction. They have a high degree of specificity for their substrates; they accelerate chemical reactions tremendously, and they function in aqueous solutions under very mild conditions of temperature and pH. Few non-biological catalysts have all these properties.

Thousands of different kinds of enzymes are known, each catalyzing one or a few specific chemical reactions. When they facilitate particular chemical reactions, the enzymes in a cell determine the course of metabolism – the collection of all chemical reactions – in that cell. Different types of cells contain different sets of enzymes, and this difference contributes to structural and functional variations among cell types. The chemical reactions taking place within a red blood cell differ from those that occur within a nerve cell, in part because the cytoplasm and membranes of red blood cells and nerve cells contain different arrays of enzymes.

The study of enzymes has immense

practical importance. In some diseases, especially inheritable genetic disorders, there may be a deficiency or even a total absence of one or more enzymes. Other disease conditions may be caused by excessive activity of an enzyme. Measurements of the activities of enzymes in blood plasma, erythrocytes, or tissue samples are important in diagnosing certain illnesses. Many drugs act through interactions with enzymes. Enzymes are also important practical tools in chemical engineering, food technology and agriculture.

Much of the history of biochemistry is the history of enzyme research. That all enzymes are proteins was proved only in 1926 when the American biochemist James Sumner isolated an enzyme called urease in the form of pure crystals. He had collected enough of it to work on and only then he showed that this enzyme was definitely a protein. In the absence of other examples, this idea remained controversial for some time. Only in the 1930s Sumner’s conclusion was widely accepted and he received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery.

Since the latter part of the twentieth century, thousands of enzymes have been purified, their structures elucidated, and their mechanisms explained. With the exception of a small group of catalytic RNA molecules, nowadays we know for sure that all enzymes are proteins.