Notes to the texts:

muscle fibers – м’язові волокна

owing to – завдяки, внаслідок

dissociated – роздвоєний

dehydration – зневоднювання, дегідратація

as long as – доки, до тих пір

X. Look through the text and decide whether the following sentences are true or false:

1. Muscle fibers are the most diverse and specialized of protein products.

2. Amino acids are organic molecules that possess either carboxyl or amino groups.

3. The alpha carbon is at the periphery of the amino acid.

4. The amino acids are grouped according to the features of their side chains.

5. Acidic and basic side chains are hydrophobic.

6. Cells can make many different polymers by linking a limitless set of monomers into varied sequences.

7. If there is organic nitrogen in their diet, the majority of animals can synthesize about ten amino acids.

XI. Put as many questions as possible to the text and be ready to answer them.

XII. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:

1. Imagine that you are a teacher of biology. The subject of your lesson is molecules. Explain the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

2. Imagine that you are the Dean of the biological faculty. Tomorrow you are to speak to the first-year students. What will you tell them? What will you wish your future students?

3. Imagine that you are working at a biological laboratory. Suddenly the door opens and s man comes in. “It’s a chemical laboratory, isn’t it?”, he asks. Tell him about your laboratory and its peculiarities.

Grammar exercises

I. Use the necessary form of the indefinite article (a or an):

___ academy, ___ album, ___ bright album, ___ actor, ____ great actress, ___ arch, ___ marble arch, ___ chance, ___ unlucky chance, ___ dove, ___ ear, ___ elf, ___ tiny elf, ___ horse, ___ hour, ___ long hour, ___ institute, ___ lemon, ___ mill, ___ university, ___ opera, ___ Italian opera, ___ owl, ___ paper, ___ rabbit, ___ quarter, ___ train, ___ wing, ___ voyage, ___ year, ___ example, ___ good example.

II. Insert the right article:

1. Maxim left ___ Ritz Hotel after their dinner at ___ Annabel’s and walked home crossing ___ Picadilly and heading through ___ Half Moon Street into ___ Mayfair. 2. ___ Easter Island in ___ Pacific Ocean was discovered in 1722. It is one of ___ most mysterious spots on ___ earth. 3. I flew to ___ UK on the Concorde. I had hardly had a chance to eat a snack, relax and read my book when we were landing at ___ Heathrow. 4. ___ Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current which flows from ___ Gulf of Mexico, along ___ south-east coast of ___ United States, and north-eastwards in ___ Atlantic Ocean. 5. The waters of ___ Seine trembled in the hazy sunshine. 6. In the vicinity of the house were ___ Rodin Museum, ___ French Academy, and ___ Hotel des Invalides, housing ___ tomb of Napoleon I. 7. George had planned ___ cruise to ___ Greek islands as ___ surprise for his family. They would be sailing around ___ Aegean Sea for about a fortnight. 8. The two young women had attended ___ Sorbonne at the same time. Their fathers, as it turned out, had been at ___ Oxford University. 9. The highest peak in ___ North America is ___ Mount McKinley. 10. ___ Monterey Peninsula juts out into ___ Pacific Ocean halfway up ___ California coast. 11. The travellers saw an oasis in ___ Gobi, but it was a mirage. 12. If you want to see ___ Lake Victoria and ___ Mount Kilimanjaro, go to ___ Kenya. 13. There is a project to turn ___ Baikal area into ___ Russian Alps.