2. Of cause

e.g. Being of more slender figure than Mary, and having a richer complexion, Kate looked younger.

2. Of manner and attendant circumstances

e.g. Gwendolen was silent, again looking at her hands.

2. Of comparison

e.g. This was said as if thinking aloud.

3. a part of a complex object

e.g. I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs.

3. a predicative

In this function Participle I is seldom and is usually rendered in Ukrainian by an adjective:

e.g. The effect of her words was terrifying.

5. a part of a compound verbal predicate

e.g. Presently other footsteps were heard crossing the room below.

6. Parenthesis

Here we always find a participle phrase (not a single participle)

e.g. Generally speaking, I don't like boys.

The Participle II can be used in different syntactic functions, as:

1. an attribute in pre- and post-position

e.g. He answered through the locked door.

2. an AM

In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when, while, if, as if, as though, etc. and is generally rendered in Ukrainian by an adverbial clause.

1. Of time

e.g. When questioned Annie implied vaguely... that she was anxious about her brother.

2. Of condition

e.g. It was a dreadful thing, and if discovered it would bring them into the police court.

c) of comparison

e.g. As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried.

3. Of concession

e.g. ... her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.

3. a predicative

e.g. In spite of himself, Val was impressed.

3. a part of a complex object

e.g. She has found me unaltered; but I have found her changed.

Predicative constructions with the participle

In Modern English we find the following predicative construc­tions with the participle:

1. the Objective Participial Construction;

2. the Subjective Participial Construction;

3. the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction;

4. the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.

The objective participial construction

The Objective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case:

e.g. In the next berth she could hear her stepmother breathing heavily.

Їй було чути, як на сусідньому ліжку важко дихає її мачуха.

The participle breathing is in predicate relation to the noun stepmother, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.

In the Objective Participial Construction Participle I Indefinite Active or Participle II is used. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. It usually corresponds to a subor­dinate object clause in Ukrainian.

The Objective Participial Construction may be found:

A) after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc:

e.g. He looked round, and saw a girl racing after him.

You will probably find your sister grown, Bella.

B) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand, etc:

e.g. I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer.

C) after verbs denoting wish, such as to wish, to want, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used:

e.g. I want it done by 5 o'clock.

D) after the verbs to have and to get. After these verbs only Participle II is used.

In this case the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence. Thus I had the piano tuned means ‘I made someone tune the piano’.

e.g. I had my coat altered.

Я переробила пальто (тобто, доручила комусь переробити його).

Why don't you have your hair waved?

Чому ви не завиваєте волосся?