- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Модульная структура учебного пособия «basic english grammar course»
- •Module I
- •The verbs «to be», «to have»
- •The verb ‘to be’
- •Present Past Future
- •The functions of the verb ‘to be’
- •Exercises Exercise 1. Fill in ’m, ’s, ’re, ’m not, isn’t or aren’t, as in the example.
- •The verb ‘to have’ Present Past Future
- •The functions of the verb ‘to have’
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module I
- •Revision module I
- •Progress test module I
- •Module II
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Exercises
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module II
- •Revision module II
- •Progress test module II
- •Module III
- •Imperatives. Types of questions
- •Imperative sentences
- •Exercises
- •Types of questions
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for selfcontrol module III
- •Revision module III
- •Progress test module III
- •Module IV the nouns the noun. Plural of nouns
- •Exercises
- •The possessive case of the noun
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module IV
- •Revision module IV
- •Progress test module IV
- •Module V the quantifiers the numerals
- •Cardinals
- •Ordinals
- •2. The cardinals
- •3. The ordinals
- •Exercises
- •Much, many, little, a little, few, a few
- •Exercises
- •Tasks for self-control module V Task 1. Insert few, little, a few, a little.
- •Task 2. Read and literally translate. Insert articles where necessary.
- •Revision module V
- •Progress test module V
- •Module VI the pronouns types of the pronouns
- •Possessive pronouns
- •Interrogative pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •Negative pronouns
- •Exercises
- •Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.
- •Exercise 5. Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.
- •Exercise 6. Supply some or any.
- •Exercise 7. Supply somebody or anybody, someone or anyone.
- •Exercise 8. Supply something or anything.
- •Tasks for self-control module VI Task 1. Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and define the class each belongs to.
- •Task 2. Point out conjunctive, relative, and interrogative pronouns.
- •Revision module VI
- •Progress test module VI
- •Module VII the adjectives and adverbs the adjectives. Degrees of comparison
- •3. Polysyllable adjectives.
- •IV. Spelling rules
- •Note 3: There is a group of so called limit adjectives which already have a very strong meaning:
- •Exercises
- •The adverbs
- •Farther - farthest
- •3. Adverbs or adjectives?
- •Exercises
- •Task for self-control Task 1. State the morphological composition of the following adjectives.
- •Task 2. Give the comparative and superlative degrees.
- •Task 3. Use the adjective in the comparative or superlative degree.
- •Task 4. Point out all the substantivised adjectives and state whether they are wholly or partially substantivised.
- •Task 5. State the morphological composition of the following adverbs.
- •Revision
- •Progress test module VII
- •Rating scale
- •Bibliography
IV. Spelling rules
If the adjective ends in a consonant preceded by a stressed short vowel the consonant is doubled before –er, -est:
sad – sadder – (the) saddest
If the adjective ends in –y preceded by a consonant, -y is changed into –i before –er, -est:
busy – busier – (the) busiest
If the adjective ends in –e it is dropped before –er, -est:
fine – finer – (the) finest.
V. There are three types of comparison:
to a higher degree (comparative form + than):
This dessert is sweeter than the one you made last week.
to the same degree (as … as):
He is as tall as my brother.
Nicholas isn’t as/so friendly to me as he used to be.
to a lower degree (with less + than and the least):
My younger sister is less self-confident than I am.
That was the least difficult question in the exam.
VI. If there are several adjectives to one noun they usually have to be put in a particular order. Adjectives of different meanings stand in the following order:
Adjectives expressing judgement or general characterisation |
Adjectives denoting size |
Adjectives denoting colour |
Adjectives denoting form |
Adjectives denoting age |
Limiting adjectives |
Noun |
pleasant nice horrid |
large small little |
pale green bright red blue |
thick round square |
old young |
French left |
|
A large black and white hunting dog; a small pale green oval seed.
Note 1: Adjectives ending in –ed.
A few adjectives ending in -ed have a special pronunciation: the last syllable is pronounced [id] instead of [d] or [t]. They are:
Aged (very old) [‘eɪʤɪd]
Beloved [bɪ’lʌvɪd]
Blessed [‘blesɪd]
Crooked [‘krukɪd]
Cursed [‘kɜːsɪd]
Dogged [‘dɔgɪd]
Learned [‘lɜːnɪd]
Naked [‘neɪkɪd]
Ragged [‘rægɪd]
Rugged [‘rʌgɪd]
Sacred [‘seɪkrɪd]
Wicked [‘wɪkɪd]
Wretched [‘reʧɪd]
Long/three-legged [‘legɪd]
Note that aged is pronounced [‘eɪʤd] when it means ‘years old’(as in He has a daughter aged ten), or when it is a verb and [‘eɪʤɪd] when it means having lived or existed for a long time (very old aged men with white hair).
Other adjectives ending in –ed always have the normal pronunciation, with [id] only after ‘d’ or ‘t’: tired [‘taɪəd], hunchbacked [‘hʌnʧbækt], undecided [ˌʌndɪ’saɪdɪd].
Note 2: Normally adjectives go after the article (a nice house). But after as, how, so, too, this/that meaning so, adjectives go before the article. This structure is common in a formal style.
I have as good a voice as you.
How good a pianist is he?
It was so warm a day that I could hardly work.
She is too polite a person to refuse.
I couldn’t afford that big a car.