Контрольные задания вариант № 2

Task I. Read and translate the following text in writing:

Text

Factors of Production: Labour

It is common, in economics, to understand labour as an effort needed to satisfy human needs. It is one of the three leading elements of production. Labour has a variety of functions: production of raw materials, manufacturing of final products, transferring things from one place to another, management of production, and services like the ones rendered by physicians and teachers.

One can classify labour into productive and unproductive. The former produces physical objects having utility. The latter is useful but does not produce material wealth. Labour of the musician is an example.

Unlike other factors of production, for example capital, once workers are employed, their efficiency can vary greatly with organization of work and their motivation.

Demand for labour is influenced by the demand for goods produced by workers, the proportion of wages in total production costs, etc. The supply of labour depends upon the size of population, geographic mobility, skills, education level (human capital), etc. Workers supply labour either individually or through trade unions. If demand for and supply of labour are not in equilibrium, there is unemployment. The rate of unemployment is a percentage of the total labour force without a job. It is desirable for an economy to have the lowest possible unemployment rate and to achieve higher employment as neither full use of resources nor maximum level of output can be achieved in an economy having unemployment.

Factors of production are combined together in different proportions in order to produce output. It is assumed in economics that one should choose the combination of factors which minimizes the cost of production and increases profits.

Task II. Scan the text above and write down all the sentences containing the Modal verbs.

Task III. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the Infinitive.

1. She hoped (to help) the manager.

2. She hoped (to help) by her friend.

3. We expect (to be) back from the business trip in two days.

4. I am glad (to do) all the paper work yesterday.

5. She seems (to work) at this problem ever since she came here.

Task IV. Find the synonyms for the words and combinations given below.

labour –
rate –
equilibrium –
force –
wage –
mobility –
element –
output –

Task V. Open the brackets using Participle I or Participle II.

1. While (to put) the papers in a file she tore one of them.

2. A fish (to take) out of the water can not live.

3. A person (to sunbathe) on the beach must be very careful

4. (to take) a dictionary he began to translate the text.

5. A banker (to see) a mistake in calculations always corrects it.

Task VI. Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund.

1. Я не могла не согласиться с ним.

2. Она бросила курить.

3. Она избегала встречи с ним.

4. Мы отложили обсуждение доклада.

5. Она отрицала, что украла деньги.

Task VII. Translate into English.

1. Труд – усилие, применяемое для удовлетворения потребностей человека.

2. Безработица возникает если спрос и предложение труда находятся не в равновесии.

3. Труд разделяется на продуктивный и непродуктивный.

4. Предложение труда зависит, например, от числа населения и уровня его образованности.

5. Рабочие предлагают услуги труда индивидуально или через профсоюзы.