- •Lead-in
- •II. Read the text and find the answers to the questions above. Text a
- •Introduction into chemistry
- •1. Define if the sentences are true (t) or false (f).
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words and word- combinations.
- •3. Find in the text the synonyms for the following words.
- •4. What notions do these groups of key words describe?
- •5. Match the words from two columns to make word-combinations. Make up your own sentences with these phrases.
- •6. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.
- •Text b fundamental concepts of chemistry
- •1. Read the text again paying attention to the words in bold. Make up your own sentences with these words.
- •2. Match the words from the box with the pictures.
- •3. Translate the sentences into English without using a dictionary.
- •4. Look at the picture and comment on it from the point of view of chemistry.
- •5. Look through the text and find the main concepts of chemistry. Complete the chart. Give a definition for each concept and compare it with the definitions of your groupmates.
- •6. Read the following word-combinations.
- •Ionic bonds
- •7. Watch the video 'What is an Atom?'. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
- •8. Prepare the reports upon one of the following topics:
- •9. Surf the Internet. Find the information about new chemical sub-disciplines which have emerged in recent years. Make presentations. Use some useful expressions from the Appendix 1.
- •I . Lead-in
- •II. Read the text and find the answers to the questions above. Text a
- •Inorganic chemistry
- •Ores and Alloys
- •Chemical Bonding
- •Concept of Acids and Bases
- •Coordination Chemistry
- •Nuclear and Radioactivity
- •1. Define if the sentences are true (t) or false (f).
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations.
- •3. Match the term on the left with the definition on the right.
- •4 . Match the words from two columns to make word-combinations. Make up your own sentences with these phrases.
- •5. Put the words in the right word order to make sentences.
- •With, Coordination, complexes, the, of, chemistry, deals, study.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the words and word-combinations given below in the correct form. Translate the sentences.
- •7. Write down the words you associate with the term “inorganic chemistry”. Compare your words with the words of your groupmates.
- •Inorganic chemistry
- •8. Render the essence of each paragraph in one sentence. Use these sentences to present the summary of the text for your groupmates.
- •III. Read the following text. What is the meaning of the words in bold? text b types of inorganic chemical reactions
- •1. Practice in reading chemical formulas and equations in the text (see the rules in Appendix 4).
- •2. Each column contains a category and some terms listed under it. Cross out the term that does not fit in each category.
- •3. Define the type of inorganic chemical reaction.
- •4. Look at the picture and comment on it from the point of view of chemistry.
- •5. Read the following words and word-combinations.
- •Uses of sulphuric acid
- •5. Watch the video 'Sulphuric Acid Production'. Decide if the sentences are true (t) or false (f).
- •6. Explain the following words and word-combinations in English.
- •7. Make up the sentences of your own with the words in bold. Provide your own examples of combustion reactions and precipitation reactions.
- •8. Ask different types of questions to the text and answer your groupmates' questions.
- •9 . Prepare a report upon one of the following topics:
- •Lead-in
- •II. Read the text and find the answers to the questions above. Text a analytical chemistry
- •1. Define if the sentences are true (t) or false (f).
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations.
- •3. Fill in the gaps using the word-combinations given below. Translate the sentences.
- •4. Match the term on the left with the definition on the right.
- •5 . Match the words from two columns to make word-combinations. Make up your own sentences with these phrases.
- •6. Put the words in the right order to make questions. Then ask the questions to your groupmates.
- •7. Write down the words you associate with the term “analytical chemistry”. Compare your words with the words of your groupmates.
- •Analytical chemistry
- •8. Make up the plan of the text and summarize information.
- •III. Read the following text. What is the meaning of the words in bold? text b titration
- •1. Match the following terms with their definitions:
- •2. Translate the sentences into English without using a dictionary.
- •3. Read the following text about acid-base titration and unscramble the letters in the brackets to find the correct word. Translate the text.
- •4. Rewrite the sentence so that it contains the word in capitals.
- •5. Look at the picture and comment on it from the point of view of chemistry.
- •6. Ask different types of questions to the text “Titration” and answer your groupmates' questions.
- •7. Look through the text b. Make up the sentences of your own with the words in bold.
- •8. Read the text. Which pH indicator is the most acidic? Which one is the most basic? Make up the graph showing the efficient pH range of these indicators. PH indicators
- •Universal pH Indicator
- •Natural pH Indicator
- •Unit 4. Organic chemistry
- •I. Lead-in.
- •II. Read the text and find the answers to the questions above. Text a organic chemistry
- •1. Define if the sentences are true (t) or false (f).
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations.
- •3. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the text above. Translate the sentences.
- •4. What notions do these groups of key words describe?
- •5. Make up the questions using the words given and 3 questions of your own. Present them in the form of a dialogue with your partner.
- •6. Read the 10 facts about carbon and match the two parts of each statement. What is the meaning of the words in bold?
- •7 . Make a short report about the importance of carbon in organic chemistry using the information above. If necessary, use the key word-combinations:
- •Organic chemistry
- •III. Read the following text. What is the meaning of the words and word-combinations in bold? text b classification of organic compounds
- •1. Match the words from the box with the pictures.
- •2. Translate the sentences into English without using a dictionary.
- •3. What are the scientific contributions made by the following organic chemists? Tell your partner about them. If necessary, use the Internet.
- •4. Look at the picture and comment on it from the point of view of chemistry. Say what classes these organic compounds belong to.
- •5. Read the following text and choose the correct word among suggested to fill in the gaps.
- •3 Accidental organic chemistry discoveries
- •Penicillin
- •Saccharin
- •Mauveine
- •6. Watch the video ‘Are artificial sweeteners really safe?’ Decide if the statements are true (t) or false (f).
- •I. Lead-in
- •II. Read the text and find the answers to the questions above. Text a physical chemistry
- •1. Define if the sentences are true (t) or false (f).
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations.
- •3. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the text above. Translate the sentences.
- •4. Find in the text the synonyms for the following words.
- •5. What notions do these groups of key words describe?
- •6. Read the following text about thermodynamics and unscramble the letters in the brackets to find the correct word. Translate the text.
- •7. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, participle or preposition? What are the underlined words in each sentence?
- •8. Read the following quotations. What do they mean? Discuss them with your groupmates. Express agreement or disagreement.
- •Physical chemistry
- •III. Read the following text. What is the meaning of the words and word-combinations in bold? text b colloids
- •Help the student to solve the problems concerning colloids.
- •2. Find ten words in the wordsearch from the text b. (→, ↓)
- •3. Match the words from the box with the pictures.
- •4. Translate the sentences into English without using a dictionary.
- •5. Look at the picture and comment on it from the point of view of chemistry.
- •6. Read the following words and word-combinations.
- •How does soap work?
- •Active vocabulary unit 1
- •Translation practice text 1 chemistry around us
- •Text 2 enzymes
- •Vitamins
- •Text 4 micelle
- •Text 5 environmental chemistry
- •Text 6 cell phone chemistry
- •Text 7 alcohols
- •Text 8 keto-enol tautomerism
- •Text 9 coordination chemistry
- •Text 10 liquid-liquid extraction
- •Appendices
- •Chemical elements
- •How to read chemical formulas
- •How to read chemical equations
- •Irregular verbs
- •Useful expressions for making a presentation
- •References
How to read chemical formulas
При чтении химических формул буквы латинского алфавита, обозначающие название элементов, читаются согласно английским названиям букв алфавита.
Знак – обозначает одну связь или единицу родства и не читается.
Знак = читается: give, form, produce.
Знак → читается: give, pass over, lead to.
Знак ↔ читается: forms and is formed from.
Цифра (внизу) после названия элемента обозначает число атомов в молекуле.
Цифра перед названием элемента обозначает число молекул.
Примеры:
H2O [‘eit∫ 'tu: 'ou];
HNO3 ['eit∫ 'en 'ou 'θri:];
AgNO3 ['ei'dʒi: 'en 'ou 'θri:];
C + O2 → CO2: C plus O two give CO two or: one atom of carbon reacted with one two-atom molecule of oxygen and produces one molecule of carbon dioxide;
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O: two molecules of H two plus O two give two molecules of H two O ['tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: pl ʌ s 'ou 'tu: giv 'tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou] или: two two-atom molecules of hydrogen react with one two-atom molecule of oxygen and produce two molecules of water;
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3: N two plus three molecules of H two from and are formed from two molecules of NH three ['en 'tu: plлs 'θri: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'fɔ:m ənd a: 'fɔ:md frəm 'tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'en 'eit∫ 'θri:]
Reading of an equation: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
The “plus” sign on the left of the arrow means “reacts with”; the arrow means “forming” or “producing”; and the “plus” sign on the right of the arrow means “and”.
So this equation is read: “One atom of zinc reacts with one molecule of sulphuric acid producing one molecule of zinc sulphate and one molecule of hydrogen”.
III
How to read chemical equations
CH4 + 2O2 → CO + 2H2O ['si: 'eit∫ 'fɔ : 'plлs 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'ou 'tu: 'givz 'si: 'ou 'plлs 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou].
H++ NaHCO3 → Na+ + H2CO4 → Na+ + H2O + CO2 ['haidrədʒən 'aiən 'plлs 'en 'ei 'eit∫ 'si: 'ou'θri: 'givz 'neitriəm 'aiən 'plлs 'eit∫ 'tu: 'si: 'ou 'θri: 'givz 'neitriəm 'aiən 'plлs 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou 'plлs 'tu:'si: 'tu:].
4HCl + O2 = 2Cl2 + 2H2O ['fɔ : 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'si: 'el 'plлs 'ou 'tu: 'givz 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz 'si: 'el 'ənd 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou].
AcOH ↔ AcO− + H+ ['ei 'si: 'ou 'eit∫ 'fɔ :mz ənd iz 'fɔ :md frəm 'ei 'si: 'ɔ ksidʒən 'aiən 'plлs 'haidrədʒən 'aiən].
AcO −− acyloxy ion.
IV
Irregular verbs
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
Past Participle |
Translation |
arise [ə'raiz] |
arose [ə'rəuz] |
arisen [ə'riz(ə)n] |
Возникать, появляться |
awake [ə'weik] |
awoke [ə'wəuk] |
awoken [ə'wəukən] |
Будить |
be [bi:] |
was [wɔz], were [wз:] |
been [bi:n] |
Быть |
bear [bɛə] |
bore [bɔ:] |
born [bɔ:n] |
Носить |
beat [bi:t] |
beat [bi:t] |
beaten ['bi:tn] |
Бить |
become [bi:kʌm] |
became [bi:keim] |
become[bi:kʌm] |
Становиться |
begin [bi'gin] |
began [bi'gæn] |
begun [bi'gʌn] |
Начинать |
bend [bend] |
bent [bent] |
bent [bent] |
Сгибать; гнуть |
bet [bet] |
bet [bet] |
bet [bet] |
Держать пари |
bind [baind] |
bound [baund] |
bound [baund] |
Вязать; связывать |
bite [bait] |
bit [bit] |
bitten ['bitn] |
Кусать, жалить |
bleed [bli:d] |
bled [bled] |
bled [bled] |
Кровоточить |
blow [blou] |
blew [blu:] |
blown [bloun] |
Дуть |
break [breik] |
broke [brouk] |
broken ['brouk(e)n] |
Ломать |
breed [bri:d] |
bred [bred] |
bred [bred] |
Воспитывать, вынашивать |
bring [briŋ] |
brought [brɔ:t] |
brought [brɔ:t] |
Приносить |
broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st] |
broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st] |
broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st] |
Вещать, транслировать |
browbeat ['braubi:t] |
browbeaten ['braubi:tn] |
browbeaten ['braubi:tn] |
Запугивать, пугать |
build [bild] |
built [bilt] |
built [bilt] |
Строить |
burn [bз:n] |
burnt [bз:nt] |
burnt [bз:nt] |
Гореть |
burst [bз:st] |
burst [bз:st] |
burst [bз:st] |
Разразиться |
bust [bʌst] |
bust [bʌst] |
bust [bʌst] |
Сломать, разрушать |
buy [bai] |
bought [bɔ:t] |
bought [bɔ:t] |
Покупать |
catch [kætʃ] |
caught [kɔ:t] |
caught [kɔ:t] |
Ловить, хватать, успеть |
choose [tʃu:z] |
chose [ʃəuz] |
chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n] |
Выбирать |
come [kʌm] |
came [keim] |
come [kʌm] |
Приходить |
cost [cɔst] |
cost [cɔst] |
cost [cɔst] |
Стоить |
creep [kri:p] |
crept [krept] |
crept [krept] |
Ползать |
cut [kʌt] |
cut [kʌt] |
cut [kʌt] |
Резать |
do [du:] |
did [did] |
done [dʌn] |
Делать |
draw [drɔ:] |
drew [dru:] |
drawn [drɔ:n] |
Рисовать, тащить |
dream [dri:m] |
dreamt [dremt] |
dreamt [dremt] |
Мечтать, дремать |
drink [driŋk] |
drank [dræŋk] |
drunk [drʌŋk] |
Пить |
drive [draiv] |
drove [drouv] |
driven ['drivn] |
Водить |
eat [i:t] |
ate [et] |
eaten ['i:tn] |
Есть |
fall [fɔ:l] |
fell [fel] |
fallen ['fɔ:lən] |
Падать |
feed [fi:d] |
fed [fed] |
fed [fed] |
Кормить |
feel [fi:l] |
felt [felt] |
felt [felt] |
Чувствовать |
fight [fait] |
fought [fɔ:t] |
fought [fɔ:t] |
Бороться |
find [faind] |
found [faund] |
found [faund] |
Находить |
fit [fit] |
fit [fit] |
fit [fit] |
Подходить по размеру |
fly [flai] |
flew [flu:] |
flown [floun] |
Летать |
forget [fə'get] |
forgot [fə'gɔt] |
forgotten [fə'gɔt(ə)n] |
Забывать |
forgive [fo'giv] |
forgave [fo'geiv] |
forgiven [fo'givn] |
Прощать |
freeze [fri:z] |
froze [frouz] |
frozen ['frouzn] |
Замерзать |
get [ get ] |
got [gɔt] |
got [gɔt] |
Получать |
give [giv] |
gave [geiv] |
given [givn] |
Давать |
go [gou] |
went [went] |
gone [gɔn] |
Идти |
grow [grou] |
grew [gru:] |
grown [groun] |
Расти |
hang [hæŋ] |
hung [hʌŋ] |
hung [hʌŋ] |
Висеть, развешивать |
have [hæv] |
had [hæd] |
had [hæd] |
Иметь |
hear [hiə] |
heard [hз:d] |
heard [hз:d] |
Слышать |
hide [haid] |
hid [hid] |
hidden ['hidn] |
Прятать |
hit [hit] |
hit [hit] |
hit [hit] |
Попадать в цель |
hold [hould] |
held [held] |
held [held] |
Держать |
hurt [hз:t] |
hurt [hз:t] |
hurt [hз:t] |
Ушибить |
keep [ki:p] |
kept [kept] |
kept [kept] |
Содержать |
kneel [ni:l] |
knelt [nelt] |
knelt [nelt] |
Стоять на коленях |
know [nou] |
knew [nju:] |
known [noun] |
Знать |
lay [lei] |
laid [leid] |
laid [leid] |
Класть |
lead [li:d] |
led [led] |
led [led] |
Вести |
lean [li:n] |
leant [lent] |
leant [lent] |
Наклоняться |
learn [lз:n] |
learnt [lз:nt] |
learnt [lз:nt] |
Учить |
leave [li:v] |
left [left] |
left [left] |
Оставлять |
lend [lend] |
lent [lent] |
lent [lent] |
Занимать |
let [let] |
let [let] |
let [let] |
Позволять |
lie [lai] |
lay [lei] |
lain [lein] |
Лежать |
light [lait] |
lit [lit] |
lit [lit] |
Освещать |
lose [lu:z] |
lost [lɔst] |
lost [lɔst] |
Терять |
make [meik] |
made [meid] |
made [meid] |
Производить |
mean [mi:n] |
meant [ment] |
meant [ment] |
Значить |
meet [mi:t] |
met [met] |
met [met] |
Встречать |
mistake [mis'teik] |
mistook [mis'tuk] |
mistaken [mis'teik(e)n] |
Ошибаться |
pay [pei] |
paid [peid] |
paid [peid] |
Платить |
prove [pru:v] |
proved [pru:vd] |
proven [pru:vn] |
Доказывать |
put [put] |
put [put] |
put [put] |
Положить |
quit [kwit] |
quit [kwit] |
quit [kwit] |
Выходить |
read [ri:d] |
read [red] |
read [red] |
Читать |
ride [raid] |
rode [roud] |
ridden ['ridn] |
Ездить верхом |
ring [riŋ] |
rang [ræŋ] |
rung [rʌŋ] |
Звенеть |
rise [raiz] |
rose [rouz] |
risen ['rizn] |
Подниматься |
run [rʌŋ] |
ran [ræŋ] |
run [rʌŋ] |
Бежать |
say [sei] |
said [sed] |
said [sed] |
Говорить |
see [si:] |
saw [sɔ:] |
seen [si:n] |
Видеть |
seek [si:k] |
sought [sɔ:t] |
sought [sɔ:t] |
Искать |
sell [sel] |
sold [sould] |
sold [sould] |
Продавать |
send [send] |
sent [sent] |
sent [sent] |
Посылать |
set [set] |
set [set] |
set [set] |
Ставить |
sew [sou] |
sewed [soud] |
sewn [soun] |
Шить |
shake [ʃeik] |
shook [ʃuk] |
shaken ['ʃeik(ə)n] |
Встряхивать |
show [ʃəu] |
showed [ʃəud] |
shown [ʃəun] |
Показывать |
shrink [ʃriŋk] |
shrank [ʃræŋk] |
shrunk [ʃrʌŋk] |
Уменьшать |
shut [ʃʌt] |
shut [ʃʌt] |
shut [ʃʌt] |
Закрывать |
sing [siŋ] |
sang [sæŋ] |
sung [sʌŋ] |
Петь |
sink [siŋk] |
sank [sæŋk], sunk [sʌŋk] |
sunk [sʌŋk] |
Тонуть |
sit [sit] |
sat [sæt] |
sat [sæt] |
Сидеть |
sleep [sli:p] |
slept [slept] |
slept [slept] |
Спать |
slide [slaid] |
slid [slid] |
slid [slid] |
Скользить |
sow [sou] |
sowed [soud] |
sown [soun] |
Сеять |
speak [spi:k] |
spoke [spouk] |
spoken ['spouk(e)n] |
Говорить |
spell [spel] |
spelt [spelt] |
spelt [spelt] |
Произносить по буквам |
spend [spend] |
spent [spent] |
spent [spent] |
Тратить |
spill [spil] |
spilt [spilt] |
spilt [spilt] |
Проливать |
spoil [spɔil] |
spoilt [spɔilt] |
spoilt [spɔilt] |
Портить |
spread [spred] |
spread [spred] |
spread [spred] |
Расстилать |
spring [spriŋ] |
sprang [spræŋ] |
sprung [sprʌŋ] |
Прыгать |
stand [stænd] |
stood [stu:d] |
stood [stu:d] |
Стоять |
steal [sti:l] |
stole [stoul] |
stolen ['stəulən] |
Красть |
stick [stik] |
stuck [stʌk] |
stuck [stʌk] |
Колоть |
sting [stiŋ] |
stung [stʌŋ] |
stung [stʌŋ] |
Жалить |
sweep [swi:p] |
swept [swept] |
swept [swept] |
Выметать |
swell [swel] |
swelled [sweld] |
swollen ['swoul(e)n] |
Разбухать |
swim [swim] |
swam [swem] |
swum [swʌm] |
Плавать |
swing [swiŋ] |
swung [swʌŋ] |
swung [swʌŋ] |
Качать |
take [teik] |
took [tuk] |
taken ['teik(ə)n] |
Брать, взять |
teach [ti:tʃ] |
taught [tɔ:t] |
taught [tɔ:t] |
Учить |
tear [tɛə] |
tore [tɔ:] |
torn [tɔ:n] |
Рвать |
tell [tel] |
told [tould] |
told [tould] |
Рассказывать |
think [θiŋk] |
thought [θɔ:t] |
thought [θɔ:t] |
Думать |
throw [θrəu] |
threw [θru:] |
thrown [θrəun] |
Бросать |
understand [ʌndə'stænd] |
understood [ʌndə'stud] |
understood [ʌndə'stud] |
Понимать |
wake [weik] |
woke [wouk] |
woken ['wouk(e)n] |
Просыпаться |
wear [wɛə] |
wore [wɔ:] |
worn [wɔ:n] |
Носить |
weep [wi:p] |
wept [wept] |
wept [wept] |
Плакать |
wet [wet] |
wet [wet] |
wet [wet] |
Мочить |
win [win] |
won [wʌn] |
won [wʌn] |
Выигрывать |
wind [waind] |
wound [waund] |
wound [waund] |
Извиваться |
write [rait] |
wrote [rout] |
written ['ritn] |
Писать |
V