1.5. Water-intake constructions for taking water from surface sources

For water-intake from surface sources are used, usually, channel or bank water-intake structures, which are differed by location of water receiving relatively to the bank. On rivers of small depth with inclined banks installed channel water-intakes, which consist on water receiver, self-floating or siphon plumbing’s, bank wells (dr. 1.7)

Water receiving apertures in receivers located on the height of 0,5-1,5 m from the bottom and protected by grades from rubbish, floating things, fish etc. Self-floating lines, which connect receiver and bank well are projected for reliability as two independent pipes. Bank well is equipped by receiving nets with mesh’s size from 2x2 up to 5x5 mm. Water filtration through grades and nets provides its serious rough cleaning and prevent injuring of pumps and other equipment. Bank well is located on not flooded during overflow bank, but at the same time it shouldn’t put away from receiving, because it causes increasing of the pressure in self-floating lines. Where it is possible, bank well is united with pump station of the first lifting, which decreases capital expenses and simplifies exploitation.

Drawing 1.7. Scheme of channel water intake with self-floating lines:

1 – receiver; 2 – self-floating pipes; 3 – bank well; 4-bolts; 5-net; 6-absorbin

pump pipes.

Drawing 1.8. Schemes of bank water intakes:

a – separated; b- compatible; 1 – water receiving camera; 2 – absorption pipes camera; 3- pumping station of the first lifting; I – water receiving windows; II – grade; III- absorbing pump pipes; IV – net; V – water stream pump; VI – management column.

Despite of channel bank water-intake hasn’t self-floating lines and absolutely located on the bank (dr. 1.8). Such a water-intakes are installed on banks where the bank is quite steep and enough water depth. Water in water receiving well comes through windows that are equipped by grades for rubbish stopping. During a year water level in a river fluctuates, so, as a rule, there are foresaw two levels of water-receiving windows for the cleanest water intake. After grades water is filtered through nets and is in taken by pumps of the first lifting.

In the set of events on rivers with insufficient width and big content of hanged over substances or first ice in the winter period bank water-intake located in special constructions – backwater-dippers. Water-receiving dippers installed as excavations on inclined banks or separated from the river by dam and connected with main channel by branch (dr.1.9). Sizes of the dipper are determined from conditions of rising of depth ice or falling out of hanging over substances. If branch located in the bottom side of the dipper (dr. 1.9a) than dipper feeds on down flows and first ice is caught less. If branch in the upper part of the dipper (dr. 1.9 b), than only upper flows are coming into the water-Intakes. The last variant is used during water-intake from rivers with big amount of hanging over substances (biggest part of them located near the bottom). When river is first-ice-bearing and characterized by big turbidity there are installed combined dippers (dr.1.9c), water access to which regulates by overlapping of water gates on corresponding branches.

Drawing 1.9. Scheme of receiving dippers:

1 – water intake construction; 2 – dam; 3 – surface streams; 4 – bottom streams.

For temporary plumbing’s installed removable and floating water-intakes. Removable water-intake is pumping station which can moves in dependence on water level change by lath way, which installed on the bank (dr. 1.10a). In floating water-intakes pumping aggregates located on the floating devices: barges, pontoons etc (dr. 1.10).

Drawing 1.10. Schemes of floating (a) and removable (b) water-intakes:

1 – pump station; 2- pontoon; 3 – pressure plumbing; 4- platform; 5 – windlass; 6 – rope; 7 – connected pipe.

Removable and floating water-intakes provides constant height of suction independently on water level in the river, it is possible to mount it quickly. To disadvantages of these water-intakes should be belonged flexible insertions of plumbing’s and hard exploitation conditions in the winter period.

River water intakes are installed upper of settlement on the river current on the areas with necessary depths, as closest as possible to the main stream, desirable near concaved bank.