Henry wadsworth longfellow (1807-1882)
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was to a great extent under the influence of the most progressive movement of the time, that of abolitionism. The ideas of abolitionists, who wanted the Negro people freed from slavery, helped Longfellow understand the hard life of the common people. Longfellow continued the fine tradition begun by Washington Irving and Fenimore Cooper, of describing the life of the Indian people.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born in the little town of Portland on the Atlantic coast, in the family of a well-to-do lawyer. The family kept alive the memory of the War of Independence, and as a boy Longfellow was told about the heroic deeds of his grandfather who had been a general in Washington's army, and about his uncle Henry who had been an officer in the US Navy and had been killed in 1804 while defending his country.
The family traditions of heroism played a considerable role in the life of young Longfellow.
At the age of 16, Henry entered Bowdoin College, and there P he wrote his first verses and stories. In 1826, Longfellow was sent to Europe to study foreign languages. He visited England, France, Spain, Italy and Germany. In 1829 he returned home and began teaching foreign languages.
ln 1835, Longfellow visited Europe a second time. In 1841 he published a book of poems. By that time he was well known as an American poet, and his fame steadily spread. After his third trip to Europe, Longfellow published his masterpiece, a collection of verses "Poems on Slavery" (1842). Slavery had become the most urgent question of the day. In these verses Longfellow expressed his sympathy with the abolitionists and condemned the shameful institution of slavery. But he was by no means a rebel by nature. In everyday life he was a gentle and modest man, an intellectual, who spent all his time in the family circle or writing.
Longfellow
compiled and translated during some 30 years a vast anthology called
"Poets of Europe".
This colossal work of translating poets of different times and
different peoples was finished by the end of the seventies when the
last of the 31 volumes was printed. Up to the present day this
anthology remains one of the best of this kind. By the end of his
life Longfellow had won recognition all over the world. Many
Universities awarded him honorary degrees. He was also elected to
membership by the Spanish, British and French Academies of Sciences.
Even when an old man, Henry Longfellow continued writing verses,
ballads, dramas, essays and stories. He is the only American poet
whose bust occupies a niche in Westminster Abbey's Poets’ Corner.
Longfellow died at the age of 75 when he was at the peak of his fame.
The song of hiawatha
In his notes to "The Song of Hiawatha" Longfellow said that in it he had woven together the legends of various American Indian tribes about a prophet, who was "learned in all manly arts and labors" and who taught his people their handicrafts and arts, taught them to hunt and fish, to sow and reap, to heal the sick—not a common, mortal man, but, as it always is in such legends, half-god, half-man, who appeared on earth "that the tribes of men might prosper; that he might advance his people". According to the legend, Hiawatha was born of the daughter of a Star and his father was the West Wind. From boy-hood Hiawatha possessed enormous physical strength; he could crush huge stones and even mountains. He had magic shoes. He used his strength and magic power to vanquish evil enemies of the people. He was one with nature; he knew the language of all birds and beasts, understood the whispering and wishes of the clouds, the trees, the rivers and streams.
In "The Song of Hiawatha" Longfellow retells in beautiful poetic verse how the Indians learnt to plant and harvest maize, how Hiawatha wrestled with Mondamin, defeated him, etc.
At the door on Summer evenings Sat the little Hiawatha; Heard the whisperings of the pine-trees, Heard the lapping of the water, Sounds of music, words of wonder, The little Hiawatha Learned of every bird its language, Learned their names and all their secrets, How they built their nests in Summer, Where they hid themselves in Winter, Talked with them whenewer he met them. Called them "Hiawatha’s Chickens." Of all the beasts he learned the language, Learned their names and all their secrets, How the reindeer ran so swiftly,
Why the rabbit was so timid,
Talked with them whenewer he met them,
Called them "Hiawatha’s Brothers".
- “ -
You shall hear how Hiawatha
Prayed and fasted in the forest
Not for greater skill in hunting,
Not for greater craft in fishing,
But for profit of the people,
For advantage of the nations.
...And he saw a youth approaching
Dressed in garments green and yellow,
Corning through the purple twilight,
Through the splendour of the sunset;
...Standing in the oppen doorway,
Long he looked at Hiawatha,
Looked with pity and compassion
Oh his wasted form and features,
And, in accents like the sighing
Of the South Wind in the tree-tops
Said he: "oh my Hiawatha!
All your prayers are heard in heaven,
For you pray not like the others,
Not for greater skill in hunting,
Not for greater craft in fishing,
But for profit of the people,
For advantage of the nations.
From the Master of Life descending,
I, the friend of man, Mondamin,
Come to warn you and instruct you,
How by struggle and by labour
You shall gain what you have prayed for,
Rise up from your bed of branches,
Rise, O youth, and wrestle with me!”
...Tall and beautiful he stood there
In his garments green and yellow
And he cried: "O Hiawatha!
Bravely you have wrestled with me,
And the Master of Life who sees us
He will give to you the triumph!'
Then he smiled and said: "To-morrow
Make a bed for me to lie in
Where the rain may fall upon me,
Where the sun may come and warm me,
Lay me in the earth and make it
Soft and loose and light above me.
Let no hand disturb my slumber,
Let no weed nor worm molest me,
Only come yourself to watch me,
Till I wake, and start and quicken,
Till I leap into the sunshine."
...Home went then Hiawatha
But the place was not forgotten,
Where he wrestled with Mondamin,
Nor forgotten, nor neglected
Was the grave where lay Mondamin
Sleeping in the rain and sunshine...
Day by day did Hiawatha
Go to wait and watch beside it.
Kept the dark mould soft above it,
Kept in clean from weeds and insects.
Till at length a small green feather From the earth shot slowly upward,
Then another and another, And befòre the Summer ended Stood the maize in all its beauty With its shining robes about it
And its long soft yellow tresses;
And in rapture Hiawatha
Cried aloud: "It is Mondamin!
Yes, the friend of man, Mondamin!"
Questions and tasks
1. What traditions did Longfellow continue?
2. When and where was he born?
3. What was he told in his boyhood?
4. What education did he get?
5. How did he begin writing?
6. What is Longfellow’s masterpiece?
7. How can you prove that Longfellow won recognition all over the world?
8. What is “The Song of Hiawatha” about?
9. Speak about Hiawatha. What have you learnt about him from the extract?