Виконання вправ на закріплення граматичної теми

Вправа 12. Перекладіть англійські прислів’я з інфінітивом.

1) Live not to eat, but eat to live. 2) Men are not to be measured in inches. 3) Friendship is not to be bought at a fair. 4) It is love that makes the world go round. 5) Treat others as you would like to be treated. 6) It takes two to make a quarrel. 7) It is a woman’s privilege to change her mind.

Вправа 13. Прочитайте та перекладіть фрази видатних людей, зверніть увагу на переклад інфінітиву.

1) It is better to be faithful than famous. (Th. Roosevelt).

2) It is easy to be brave from a safe distance. (Aesop).

3) Better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak out and remove all doubt. ( A. Lincoln).

Заняття № 30

Тема: Одиниці вимірювання. Закон Ома. Робота і потужність електричного струму

Граматичний матеріал: Об’єктивний інфінітивний комплекс

Вправа 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть лексику за допомогою словника.

p rimary unit [ˈpraɪˌmeri ˈjuːnit]

сorrelation [ˌkɔrəˈleɪʃən]

determine [dɪˈtə;mən]

electrical state [ɪˈlektrɪkəl ˈsteɪt]

potential difference [pəˈtenʃəl ˈdɪfərns]

pressure [ˈpreʃə]

measure [ˈmeʒə]

resistance [rɪˈzɪstəns]

wire [ˈwaɪə]

supply [səˈplaɪ]

meet the oppression [ˈmiːt ðiː əˈpreʃən]

inversely proportional [ˈɪnˌvərsliprəˈpɔrʃnə1]

c ross-section [ˈkrɔs-ˈsekʃən]

mercury column [mərkjəri ˈkɔləm]

amount [əˈmaunt]

constitute [ˈkɔnstəˌtuːt]

appliance [əˈplaɪəns]

kilowatt hours [ˈkɪləˌwɔt ˈauəz]

Вправа 2. Прочитайте слова з буквою g.

Generator, energy, generate, voltage, engine, origin, charge, change, get, give, begin, given, gas, garden, go, ignite, agriculture, group, great, ground, plug, big, guard, gun, gripper, grip.

Вправа 3. Прочитайте слова з даними буквосполученнями.

sh[ ʃ ] oppression, shaft, show, English, crankshaft, section, shield, shape, shaper, share, shake ch[ ʧ ] change, charge, chamber, each, reach, such, mechanism[k] , machine[ʃ ]. th [ θ ] three, third, think, thick, theory, method, both thresh, length, throw, through.

th [ ð ] thus, that, these, those, they, though, this, together, then, them. wh[ h] who, whose, whom, whole.

w [w] watt, wheat, what, when, where, which, why, wire. ck [ k] back, black, block, track, truck, clock. ph [ f ] phase, physics, photo, philosophy, phase, phytotron, phenomenon, phase.

Вправа 4. Прочитайте та перекладіть словосполучення.

Separate systems, proper operations, working surface, basic principles, air – fuel ratio, compres3sion ignition engine, spark ignition engine, high pressure pump, to supply the engine with a fuel mixture, to deliver the fuel, to use a carburetor, to vary for idling, to reduce the friction.

Вправа 5. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст українською.

Primary Units of Measuring Electricity and Magnetism

Unit Name	Unit Symbol	Quantity
Volt	V	Voltage (V, E) Electromotive force (E) Potential difference (Δφ)

Volt. The correlation of electrons and protons determines electrical state or the potential of an atom. Potential difference or pressure is measured in volts. Volt is the pressure which being applied across the ends of a conductor of 1ohm resistance causes a current of 1 ampere to flow.

It is the potential difference or pressure that forces electricity to flow through a wire in a circuit.

The term voltage is used as well as pressure. Voltage is the electromotive force of a supply of electricity in volts.

Unit Name	Unit Symbol	Quantity
Ohm	Ω	Resistance (R)

Ohm. Electricity flowing through a conductor meets the oppression the same as water in a pipe. This opposition to the electrons movement is directly proportional to the length of the conductor inversely proportional to its cross – selection and depends upon the material and temperature of a conductor.

The specific resistance of a conductor is a resistance of a conductor of 1 ohm and of 1 mm cross – section.

The resistance is measured in ohms which is equal to the resistance offered to a unvarying electric current by a mercury column at 0°C, 14,4521 gm in mass: of uniform cross – sectional area and of length 103,3 cm.

Kilo-ohm is equal to 1000 ohms.

Unit Name	Unit Symbol	Quantity
Ampere (amp)	A	Electric current (I)

Ampere. The unit of the flow of electric current is called the ampere. It is the amount of electricity flowing in a conductor with the resistance of 1 ohm and with pressure of 1 volt per second.

When 63 10¹⁷electrons pass a given point in 1 sec they continue a current of 1 amp. The letter “I” is used as the letter symbol for electric current.

Unit Name	Unit Symbol	Quantity
Watt	W	Electric power (P)

Watt. The watt is unit of measure of the amount of work done by electrical energy when there is a flow of 1 ampere current at a pressure of 1 volt. Multiplying together the number of volts and amperes used by an appliance will give the number of watts necessary to operate it.

The watt being too little unit. The kilowatt-hours is widely used as a unit of electrical rating.

Electrical energy is measured in kilo-watt hours. It is the use of 1000 w. of electricity for the period of 1 hour.

Ohm’s law. In all electric circuits there is a definite correlation between the pressure, the electrons motion or electric current and the resistance. This correlation was discovered about 1825 by Ohm. It states that the electric current flowing in a circuit varies directly with the electrical pressure and inversely with the opposition.

Вправа 6. Доведіть, що подані слова належать до однієї частини мови. До якої саме?

Organize, localize, modernize, mechanize, electrify, intensify, classify, demonstrate, vary, communicate, indicate, locate.

Вправа 7. До якої частини мови належать наведені нижче слова.

Progressive, active, productive, constructive, intensive, connective, electric, automatic.

Вправа 8. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1. Вольт – це потенційна різниця, або тиск, який примушує електричний струм проходити через провід в колі. 2. Опір руху електронів прямо пропорційний довжині провідника. 3. Ампер – це кількість електрики, що проходить в провіднику. 4. Ват – це одиниця виміру кількості роботи, зробленої електричною енергією. 5. Закон Ома був відкритий в 1825 році.

Вправа 9. Перекладіть слова та вирази українською мовою.

The correlation of electrons, the electric state, the potential of an atom, the conductor, the resistance, a circuit, a wire, directly proportional, inversely proportional, electric current, electrical energy.

Вправа 10. Дайте відповіді на питання.

1. What determines the electrical state or the potential of an atom?

2. What is potential difference or pressure measured in? 3. What is volt?

4. What is voltage? 5. What is the specific resistance of a conductor?

6. What is called the ampere? 7. What is the ampere? 8. What is watt? 9. What is electrical energy measured in? 10. What does Ohm’s law state?

Вправа 11. Прочитайте та перекладіть нову лексику.

Amber; substance; matter; to be composed of; nucleus; positively charged;

negatively charged; to revolve; electric current; insulator; alternating current.

Вправа 12. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст українською. Зверніть увагу на виділені слова.

The Conception of Electrical Current

In the beginning of the 17^th century Sir William Gilbert discovered that many substances could be electrified by friction. Gilbert named this effect “electric” after the word “electron” – the Gre ek name for amber. In 1756 the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov was the first to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena.

At present the nature of electrification was explained by the electron theory. According to the modern theory all matter is composed of atoms of tiny (крихітний) particles. There are many kinds of atoms. Each atom consists of a nucleus, a small positively charged mass and a number of lighter negatively charged particles called electrons, which revolve around the nucleus. Normaly each atom of a substance is electrically neutral, or it has equal amounts of negative and positive charges, i.e. produces no electrical effects. If the number of negative charges is not equal to the number of positive charge, the matter will produce electrical effects.

W hen the electrical charge is at rest it is spoken of as an static electricity, but when it is in motion it is referred to as an electric current. In most cases, an electric current is described as a flow of electric charges along a conductor. Not all substances are good conductors of electricity, whereas nonmetals are poor conductors. The poorest of conductors are commonly called insulators or non-conductors. There are a large number of substances that are neither good conductors of electricity nor good insulators. These substances are called semiconductors.

A n electric current which flows in the same direction through a conductor or a current which does not change its polarity is called a direct current or a continuous current. Its abbreviation is (D.C.). An alternating current (A.C.) flows first in one direction and then in the other.

electric current

Conductor or a current which does not change its polarity is called a direct current or a continuous current. Its abbreviation is (D.C.) An alternating current (A.C.) flows first in one direction and then in the other.

An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows. This is a complete path along which electrons can transmit their charges. An electric circuit includes a battery, generator, or magnetic means for producing current flow. Some portion of the circuit is made to do useful work.

The circuit is said to be open when no charges can move due to a break in the path. The circuit is said to be closed when no break exist – when switches are closed and all connections are pro-perly made.

Special symbols are used to show electrical systems. There is a range of these symbols. There are some of them which are used when we draw circuits.

Electrical & electronic units table

Unit Name	Unit Symbol	Quantity
Ampere (amp)	A	Electric current (I)
Volt	V	Voltage (V, E) Electromotive force (E) Potential difference (Δφ)
Ohm	Ω	Resistance (R)
Watt	W	Electric power (P)
Decibel-milliwatt	dBm	Electric power (P)
Decibel-Watt	dBW	Electric power (P)
Volt-Ampere-Reactive	var	Reactive power (Q)
Volt-Ampere	VA	Apparent power (S)
Farad	F	Capacitance (C)
Henry	H	Inductance (L)
siemens / mho	S	Conductance (G) Admittance (Y)
Coulomb	C	Electric charge (Q)
Ampere-hour	Ah	Electric charge (Q)
Joule	J	Energy (E)
Kilowatt-hour	kWh	Energy (E)
Electron-volt	eV	Energy (E)
Ohm-meter	Ω∙m	Resistivity (ρ)
siemens per meter	S/m	Conductivity (σ)
Volts per meter	V/m	Electric field (E)
Newtons per coulomb	N/C	Electric field (E)
Volt-meter	V·m	Electric flux (Φe)
Tesla	T	Magnetic field (B)
Gauss	G	Magnetic field (B)
Weber	Wb	Magnetic flux (Φm)
Hertz	Hz	Frequency (f)
Seconds	s	Time (t)
Meter / metre	m	Length (l)
Square-meter	m2	Area (A)
Decibel	dB
Parts per million	ppm

 

Вправа 13. Виберіть правильні твердження.

1. Sir William Gilbert was the first to make theoretical analysis of electronical phenomena. 2. All matter is composed of atoms of tiny particles. 3. Normally each atom of a substance is electrically positive. 4. An electrical current is described as a flow of neutrons along a conductor. 5. The poorest conductors are commonly called insulators. 6. A current which changes its polarity is called a direct current. 7. An electric circuit is a path through which an electric current flows.

Вправа 14. Підберіть синонімічні пари.

Scientist, to revolve, matter, learned, nowadays, neutral, to give, substance, to make, to rotate, at present, thanks to, indifferent, to transmit, to produce, due to.

Вправа 15. Дайте відповіді на питання.

1. What was the first to make theoretical analysis of electrical phenomena?

2. What is all matter composed of?

3. What does each atom consist of?

4. What is an electrical current?

5. What is an alternating current?

6. What is an electric circuit?

Граматичний матеріал: Об’єктивний інфінітивний комплекс

Об’єктивний інфінітивний комплекс складається з двох частин. Перша частина комплексу – іменник у загальному відмінку або особовий займенник в об’єктному відмінку. Друга частина комплексу – інфінітив, що виражає дію. Яку виконує або якої зазнає особа або предмет, позначений іменником чи займенником, що стоїть перед інфінітивом.

Н а українську мову об’єктивний інфінітивний комплекс перекладається здебільше під-рядним додатковим реченням. Перша частина комплексу – іменник ( займенник) - відповідає підмету підрядного речення, а друга – інфінітив – присудку.

Об’єктивний інфінітивний комплекс вживається після певних груп дієслів:

1) що виражають сприймання за допомогою органів чуття: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice. Після цих дієслів інфінітив у об’єктивному інфінітивному комплексі вживається без частки to. ( She saw Mary cry – Вона побачила, що Мері плаче).

2) що виражають бажання, намір, почуття: to wish, to want, to desire, to like, to dislike, to hate, to intend, should/would like. (She wanted them to read that book. – Вона хотіла, щоб вони прочитали цю книжку).

3) що виражають думку (погляд), припущення, сподівання: to consider, to believe, to think, to find, to know, to expect, to suppose. (We consider him to be the best pupil of our school. - Ми вважаємо його найкращим учнем нашої школи).

4) що виражають наказ, прохання, дозвіл, пораду, примус : to order, to ask, to request, to allow, to permit, to advise, to recommend, to cause, to force, to make, to let. Після дієслівto make і to let інфінітив вживається без частки to. (We made George work – Ми примусили Джорджа працювати).