Заняття 54
Тема: Теплові атомні та гідроелектростанції
Граматичний матеріал: Анотаційний переклад
Вправа 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть слова за допомогою словника.
mineral fuel [ˈmɪnərəl fjʊəl]
rapid [ˈræpɪd]
exhausted [ɪgˈzɔːstɪd]
sensible [ˈsɛnsəbl]
scientific foundation ˌ[saɪənˈtɪfɪk faʊnˈdeɪʃən]
harnessing [ˈhɑːnɪsɪŋ]
atomic nucleus [əˈtɒmɪk ˈnjuːklɪəs]
significance [sɪgˈnɪfɪkəns]
appreciate [ əˈpriːʃɪeɪt]
realize [rɪˈliːs]
ability [əˈbɪlɪti]
nuclear power [ˈnjuːklɪə ˈpaʊə]
fission [ˈfɪʃən]
split [splɪt]
release [rɪˈliːs]
thermal [ˈθɜːməl]
steam boiler [stiːm ˈbɔɪlə]
lethal [ˈliːθəl]
shielding system [ˈʃiːldɪŋ ˈsɪstɪm]
Вправа 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст українською.
Atomic Power Stations
The reserves of mineral fuels in the world are limited and as a result of the rapid growth of their industrial exploitation they will become exhausted in the not too distant future. What is more it would be more sensible to use these minerals (especially oil) as raw materials for the chemical industry. It is natural, therefore, to look for new sources of power.
During the first half of the twentieth century scientists in a number of сountries laid the scientific foundation for harnessing a new energy source - the atomic nucleus. The significance of this source of energy may be appreciated if one realizes that 1 kilogram of atomic material (uranium or thorium) is equivalent, in heating ability, to 2,700 tons of coal.
In nuclear power generation the former Soviet Union has led the world from the very start. In 1954 the USSR brought into operation the world’s first nuclear power plant (5,000KW1). The energy of the atomic nucleus used in such systems is called atomic or nuclear energy, since it is heat energy obtained during the fission of heavy atomic nuclei. A neutron hits a nucleus and splits it into two approximately equal halves releasing at the same time several neutrons and beta and gamma radiation.
To obtain this energy continiously (not in the form of an explosion) so-called atomic (nuclear) reactors are used. A nuclear power station replaced thermal power station in which the nuclear reactor replaces the steam boiler. A relatively small quantity of “nuclear fuel” is consumed in a reactor, to obtain 100,000 kilowatts of heat it is enough to “bum” only 100 grams of nuclear material daily. But control of this burning is a very complex problem. The fission process is accompanied by very intense radio-active radiation that are lethal to all living things.
This makes it necessary to build special shielding systems to protect personnel from the radiation.
Вправа 3. Дайте відповіді на питання.
1. Why must we look for new sources of power instead of mineral fuels?
2. When did scientists lay the scientific foundation for harnessing the atomic energy?
3. When was the first nuclear power plant brought into operation?
4. What kind of energy is called nuclear energy?
5. How is this energy formed?
6. What are atomic reactors used for?
7. Why is the fission process dangerous to all living things?
8. What is it necessary to do to protect personnel from the radiation?
Вправа 4. Виберіть правильне твердження.
1. The reserves of mineral fuels in the world are not limited.
2. The mankind must look for new sources of power.
3. The scientist laid the scientific foundation for using the atomic nucleus.
4. The world’s first nuclear power plant was brought in to operation in the USA.
5. The energy of atomic nucleus is called a thermal energy.
6. To obtain this energy continuously atomic reactors are used.
7. The fission process absolutely safe to all living things.
8. It is necessary to build special shielding systems to protect personnel from the radiation.
Вправа 5. Перекладіть речення українською.
A power station is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
Each power station contains one or more generators, a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor.
The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely.
Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity, and some use nuclear power, but there is an increasing use of cleaner renewable sources such as solar, wind, wave and hydroelectric.
The Athlone Power Station in Cape Town, South Africa.
Вправа 6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст, виписуючи незнайому лексику.
Hydroelectric Power
Three Gorges Dam, Hubei, China.
Dams built to produce hydroelectricity impound a reservoir of water and release it through one or more water turbines, connected to generators, and generate electricity, from the energy provided by difference in water level upstream and downstream. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.
Hydroelectric Power
Hydro-electric power, using the potential energy of rivers, now supplies 17.5% of the world's electricity (99% in Norway, 57% in Canada, 55% in Switzerland, 40% in Sweden, 7% in USA). Apart from a few countries with an abundance of it, hydro capacity is normally applied to peak-load demand, because it is so readily stopped and started. It is not a major option for the future in the developed countries because most major sites in these countries having potential for harnessing gravity in this way are either being exploited already or are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations. Growth to 2030 is expected mostly in China and Latin America.
Hydro energy is available in many forms, potential energy from high heads of water retained in dams, kinetic energy from current flow in rivers and tidal barrages, and kinetic energy also from the movement of waves on relatively static water masses. Many ingenious ways have been developed for harnessing this energy but most involve directing the water flow through a turbine to generate electricity. Those that don't usually involve using the movement of the water to drive some other form of hydraulic or pneumatic mechanism to perform the same task.
Power from Dams (Potential Energy)
Supply Characteristics
A hydroelectric dam installation uses the potential energy of the water retained in the dam to drive a water turbine which in turn drives an electric generator. The available energy therefore depends on the head of the water above the turbine and the volume of water flowing through it. Turbines are usually reaction types whose blades are fully submerged in the water flow.
The
diagram opposite shows a typical turbine and generator configuration
as used in a dam.
The civil works involved in providing hydro-power from a dam will usually be many times the cost of the turbines and the associated electricity generating equipment. Dams however provide a large water reservoir from which the flow of water, and hence the power output of the generator, can be controlled. The reservoir also serves as a supply buffer storing excess water during rainy periods and releasing it during dry spells.
The build up of silt behind the dam can cause maintenance problems.
Вправа 7. Зробіть антонімічні пари серед поданих слів.
To insert, tightly, with, to slow down, to capture, without, absent, to withdraw, to speed up, initially, loosely, to release, eventually, present.
Вправа 8. Напишіть множину від поданих іменників.
Phenomenon, criterion, vacuum, stratum, datum, radius, nucleus, axis, analysis, basis, focus, medium.
Граматичний матеріал: Анотаційний переклад
Анотацією називається короткий огляд змісту книги, статті часто з критичною оцінкою її. До анотації входять:
• опис бібліографічних ознак книги (указуються автор, назва, місто, видавництво, рік, кількість сторінок);
• короткий переказ змісту;
• вказівка, кому ця книга адресована.
Інколи до анотацій включають відомості про автора(ів) книги, відомості про те, як оцінюють цю книгу у науковому світі.
Розміщують анотацію на звороті титульної сторінки. Прочитавши її, можна мати уявлення про зміст книги, інакше кажучи, анотація – елемент довідкового апарату книги.
Виокремлюють такі види анотації:
1) сигнальна чи довідкова, характерна для видань державної бібліографії (уточнює назву чи доповнює біб.опис фактичними відомостями);
2) оціночна, характерна науково-допоміжній бібліографії (критична оцінка документа);
3) рекомендаційна, що співвідноситься з відповідним видом бібліографії (характеризує зміст з врахуванням потреб цільової групи).
За повнотою відбиття змісту розрізняють 2 категорії анотацій – загальну (характеризує зміст документа в цілому) і аналітичну (характеризує частину чи аспект змісту), а за кількістю анотованих документів – монографічну та групову. За сферами використання анотації бувають – бібліографічні, видавничі та книготоргівельні.
1. Анотація повинна мати лаконічну, конкретну форму, але при цьому давати містку характеристику виданню без побічної інформації.
2. Обсяг її зазвичай не має перевищувати 500 - 600 знаків.
3. Під час написання анотації використовується загальноприйнята лексика.
4. Якщо у назві є малозрозумілі слова, їх потрібно пояснити.
5. Допускаються тільки загальноприйняті слова, загальновживана лексика.
6. Не рекомендується наводити цитати з тексту.
7. Рекламні елементи не повинні викривляти об'єктивну характеристику видання.
При складанні анотації необхідно також враховувати наступне:
в силу незначного об’єму анотація повинна розкривати, а не повторювати іншими словами заголовок джерела інформації;
вигляд, а значить, і об’єм анотації залежить від значущості анотаційного матеріалу й його особливостей, а також від цільового призначення анотації.
Для структури описувальної анотації характерні наступні складові частини: 1. Вхідна частина, в яку входить назва роботи (оригіналу) на українській мові, прізвище та ім’я автора, та назва статті на мові оригіналу, назва журналу або книги, місце видання і видавництво на іноземній мові, а також рік, місяць, число, номер періодичного видавництва, сторінки.
2. Описувальна частина, яка називає тему й в якій міститься перелік основних положень оригіналу чи визначено стислу характеристику матеріалу.
3. Заключна частина, підсумовуюча висловлювання автора оригіналу. В цій ж частині при водиться перелік на кількість ілюстрацій та бібліографію.
Приклад описувальної частини анотаційного перекладу
Radiation dangers
Radioactivity is dangerous. It may cause skin burns and it may destroy good tissues, as it destroys the diseased ones. It may cause illness that could be passed to our children and grandchildren. It cases of severe exposure it may even cause death.
It the early days of radioactivity scientists were not aware of those dangers. Marie and, Pierre Curie, after having, worked for a while with radioactive materials, noticed that their fingers were reddened and swollen, and that the skin was peeling off. Becquerel carried a small tube with radium in it his waistcoat pocket and was surprised to find a burn on his chest. Other early workers also reported burns and injuries of various kinds.
The strange fact about radiation is that it can harm without causing pain, which is the warning signal we expect from injuries. Pain makes us pull back our hands from flame or a very hot object but a person handling radioactive materials has no way of telling whether he is touching something too «hot» for safety. Besides, the burns or other injuries that radioactivity produces may not appear for weeks.
Today scientists are aware of these dangers. There are steadily finding now means of protecting themselves and other from radioactivity. It may well be that in the race between production of radioactivity and production of means of protection, the second will be the winner.
Our modern atomic laboratories are built for safety. Their walls are very thick. The rooms in which radioactivity is handled are separated from others by heavy lead doors. Large sings reading. «Danger - Radiation» indicate the unsafe parts of the buildings. Counters and other instruments are continuously measuring the radiation, and give off special signals when it becomes too strong. Each worker carries a special badge that shows the amount of radiation he has been exposed to.
In the room in which radioisotopes are separated and handled, workers may wear plastic clothes that look like divers suits. They may handle the material under water with long tools; water is known to stop the radiation and protect the workers.
All radioisotopes are prepared by some method of remote control. They are placed inside heavy lead containers through which the radiation cannot pass, and shipped to where they are to be used.