- •English and Law
- •Учебно-методическое пособие
- •(В двух частях)
- •Предисловие
- •Unit 1: law text 1. What is law?
- •1. Find the English equivalents for the following words and expressions in the text.
- •2. Put the words in the right order to make up the sentences.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text 2. Branches of law
- •1. Write down as many adjectives as possible with the following noun.
- •2. Put the words in the right order to make up the sentences.
- •5. Give the definition to the following words and word combinations.
- •6. Complete the following sentences on the basis of the text.
- •7. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •8. Answer the following questions.
- •9. Agree or disagree and support your point of view.
- •10. Sum up all information about.
- •Text 3. Kinds of laws
- •1. Find the English equivalents for the following words and expressions in the text.
- •2. Put the words in the right order to make up the sentences.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. Sum up all information about.
- •Text 4. Systems of law
- •2. Put the words in the right order to make up the sentences.
- •4. Complete the following sentences on the basis of the text.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word: statutes, civil law, Roman law, criminal law, law codes, code law, codes, civil-law systems, the Roman system.
- •Unit 2: international law
- •1. Translate the following sentences into English using words and phrases below.
- •2. Give the definition to the following words and word combinations.
- •Text 1. International law
- •1. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •3. Complete the following sentences on the basis of the text.
- •4. Put the words in the right order to make up the sentences.
- •5. Give the English equivalents to the Russian words and phrases.
- •6. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •Text 2. Enforcement of international law
- •2. Define the following notions.
- •1. Put the words in the right order to make up the sentences.
- •3. Complete the sentences according to the text choosing one of the variants a, b or c.
- •4. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with a suitable verb in the proper tense: to occur, to declare, to kill, to attack, to refuse, to break, to violate, to accuse.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •7. Discuss the following questions in pairs.
- •Text 3. International court of justice
- •Unit 3: international relations text 1. International relations
- •2. Give the definition to the following words and word combinations.
- •4. Write down the following abbreviations in full.
- •6. Sum up all information about International relations. Unit 3.1: conducting international relations
- •Text 2. Conducting international relations part I
- •1. Make up the sentences using the following words.
- •3. Complete the following sentences according to the text choosing one of the variants a, b or c.
- •Text 2. Conducting international relations part II
- •1. Put the words in the right order to make up the sentences.
- •3. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with a suitable verb in the proper tense: to boycott, to refuse, to oppose, to occupy, to force, to use, would buy, to refuse.
- •5. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •6. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word: agreement, bilateral, protection, multilateral, representatives, economic interests, treaty, a treaty of alliance, an arms-control treaty.
- •7. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •8. Answer the following questions.
- •9. Sum up all information about.
- •Unit 3.2: what is treaty?
- •Text 3. What is treaty? part I
- •Text 3. What is treaty? part II
- •2. Put the words in the right order to make up the sentences.
- •3. Insert the correct preposition.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word: hostages, the terms of the treaty, "back up", treaty, prisoners, ancient times.
- •5. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •Text 4. Iternational law: justice as a commodity
- •1. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions. Give the explanation to them.
- •2. Write down the following abbreviations in full.
- •3. Insert the correct preposition: in, on, of, in, against, in, by, on.
- •5. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •7. Agree or disagree and support your point of view.
- •Unit 4: international trade law text 1. International trade
- •1. Write down as many adjectives as possible with the following noun.
- •2. Choose the best variant.
- •3. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •4. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •5. Agree or disagree and support your point of view.
- •6. Sum up all information about International trade. Text 2. Government trade policies
- •1. Define the following notions.
- •3. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •4. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •5. Sum up all information about.
- •Text 3. United nations commission on international trade law (unicitral)
- •1. Find the English equivalents for the following words and expressions in the text.
- •2. Summarize your findings from the text in 8–15 sentences. Text 4. United nations commission on international trade law (uncitral)
- •International Payments
- •1. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions.
- •4. Summarize your findings from the text in 10–20 sentences. Text 5. International conference on the legal aspects
- •4. Write down the following abbreviations in full.
- •5. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •6. Say whether these statements are true or false.
- •7. Answer the following questions.
- •8. Summarize your findings from the text in 10–20 sentences. Glossary
- •Icrc – the International Committee of the Red Cross
- •Bibliography
- •English and Law
4. Answer the questions.
What two groups of laws do you know?
What is a criminal case?
How are criminal offenses divided?
What crimes are more serious?
What is the penalty for a felony and for a misdemeanor?
What do civil laws regulate?
Give your own examples of how one action can violate both civil and criminal laws.
5. Sum up all information about.
Criminal laws
Civil laws
Text 4. Systems of law
Every independent country has its own legal system. The systems vary according to each country's social traditions and form of government. But most systems can be classed as either (1) a common-law system or (2) a civil-law system. Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Great Britain (except Scotland), the United States, and other English-speaking countries have a common-law system. Most other countries have a civil-law system. Many countries combine features of both systems.
Common-law systems are based largely on case law – that is, on court decisions. The common-law system began in England many hundreds of years ago. The English called their system the common law because it applied throughout the land.
English common law developed from the rules and principles that judges traditionally followed in deciding court cases. Judges based their decisions on legal precedents – that is, on earlier court rulings in similar cases. But judges could expand precedents to make them suit particular cases. They could also overrule (reject) any precedents that they considered to be in error or outdated. In this way, judges changed many laws over the years. The common law thus came to be law made by judges.
However, some common-law principles proved too precious to change. For example, a long line of hard-won precedents defended the rights and liberties of citizens against the unjust use of government power. England – and the other common-law countries – have kept these principles almost unchanged. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and other countries that were colonized by England based their legal systems on the common law.
Case law is still important in common-law countries. However, the lawmaking role of legislatures in these countries has increased greatly during the 1900’s. The changes have dealt with such matters as employee management relations, workers' wages and hours, and environmental protection. Nevertheless, common-law countries have kept the basic feature of the English legal system, which is the power of judges to make laws. In addition, constitutional law in these countries continues the common-law tradition of defending the people's rights and liberties.
Civil-law systems are based mainly on statutes (legislative acts). The majority of civil-law countries have assembled their statutes into one or more carefully organized collections called codes. Most modern law codes can be traced back to the famous code commissioned by the Roman emperor Justinian I in the A.D. 500’s. Justinian's code updated and summarized the whole of Roman law. It was called the Corpus Juris Civilis, meaning Body of Civil Law. For this reason, legal systems that are based on the Roman system of statute and code law are known as civil-law systems. This use of the term civil law should not be confused with its use as an alternative term for criminal law.
In civil-law countries, such as France, Germany, and Mexico, the statutes, not the courts, provide the final answer to any question of law. Judges may refer to precedents in making their decisions. But they must base every decision on a particular statute and not on a precedent alone.
Other systems. Many countries have patterned their legal system after both civil law and common law. For example, Japan and most Latin-American nations have assembled all their private law into a code. But public law in these countries has been greatly influenced by common-law principles, especially those that guarantee the rights and liberties of the people.
In China, where a billion people still live under Communist rule, the Ministry of Justice and the court system administer public, economic, and criminal laws. A procedure exists for handling private law cases, but no private law has been adopted by the state. Laws must conform to the Communist policies of China's leaders.
1. Match the synonyms.
to overrule rules statutes tradition famous unjust |
popular unfair to reject principles custom legislative acts |