15. Дайте визначення та охарактеризуйте різні типи податків учасникам практичної конференції у кнтеу.

I want to tell you about the main types of taxes in Ukraine and other English-speaking countries.

Firstly, it is necessary to define taxes. Tax is a sum of money that a government takes from people’s incomes, company profits, the sale of goods, etc to be used for public spending.

Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax, and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent.

Direct taxes are collected by the government from the income of individuals and businesses. There are income tax, capital gains tax, estate tax and corporation tax.

Indirect taxes are levied on the production or sale of goods and services. They are included in the price paid by the final purchaser. There are value-added taxes (VAT), sales taxes (in the USA), excise taxes.

American Taxation system have some principle of taxation. The first one is the benefit principle. And it is the second principle – the ability to pay principle. Most taxes can be classified as progressive, regressive, and proportional by their economic impact on the firms that have to pay them.

A regressive tax is one that takes a higher percentage of a low income and lower percentage of a high income.

A proportional tax takes the same percentage of all incomes, regardless of size.

If income tax is designed to be progressive, it means that it takes a larger fraction of high income than of low income.

Many countries impose corporation tax or company tax on the income or capital of some types of legal entities.

A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay.

A value added tax (VAT), also known as Goods and Services Tax (G.S.T), Single Business Tax, or Turnover Tax in some countries, applies the equivalent of a sales tax to every operation that creates value.

A sales tax is a general tax levied on consumer purchases of nearly all products. It is added to the final price paid by the consumer.

An excise or excise tax (sometimes called a duty of excise special tax) is commonly referred to as an inland tax on the sale, or production for sale, of specific goods. Typical examples of excise duties are taxes on gasoline and other fuels, and taxes on tobacco and alcohol.

A tax on imports or exports (trade tariff) in and out of a country, or a list or schedule of prices for such things as rail service, bus routes, and electrical usage.

In conclusion, I would like to add that taxes are compulsory payments that perform many functions to regulate, control and distribution of income.

16. Вам необхідно написати статтю про податкову систему України. Розкрийте основні поняття і сфери дослідження цієї проблеми

My task is to write an article about tax system in Ukraine.

The Ukrainian Tax System has developed radically since Ukrainian independence until the present. The first major reform to the tax system was undertaken in 1997 with the main aim of increasing budget revenues, by reducing the number of tax exemptions and simplifying and streamlining compliance procedures. The law of Ukraine “On the State Tax Service of Ukraine” (with amendments) determined the status of the state tax service in Ukraine, its functions and legal bases. The system of the State tax service comprises the: State tax administration of Ukraine, state tax administrations in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regions, Kyiv, Sevastopol; state tax inspections in regions, cities (except Kyiv and Sevastopol).

The system of taxes in Ukraine includes general state and local taxes and duties. General state taxes include value-added tax, excise duty, income tax of citizens, enterprise income tax, land tax, fiscal licence tax, tax on the owners of vehicles. The localtaxes and duties include advertising lax, rates, hold duties, parking tax, tax for issuing a release for location of trade and service objects, tax for the right to use local symbolism.

On 04 December 2010, the Tax Code of Ukraine was officially published.

Administration of Taxes, Duties (Compulsory Payments) Positive changes:

• The tax authorities may not apply indirect methods

• The fines for correction of self-identified errors by means of filing an amended tax return have been decreased from 5% to 3%.

• The fines for violations in accrual, withholding and payment of taxes have been decreased.

Negative changes: The Tax Code introduces fines for overstatement of VAT receivables, VAT refundable or net tax losses during period of 1,095 consecutive days and a new term “factual tax audit” is introduced.

According to the Article 2 of the Law “On State Tax Service of Ukraine” the principle tasks of the administration are:

– to control tax administration, calculation, recurrent  and timely payment  to the budget, compulsory payments, and also non-tax incomes, established by legislation  (further – taxes, other outgoings);

– to submit, in the established order, offers to improve tax legislation;

– to introduce standard  acts and methodological recommendations concerning taxation;

– to form the state register of natural persons-tax-payers and other compulsory payments, and legal entities – data bank on tax-payers;

–to explain legislation taxation to tax-payers;

It is clear that the Ukrainian Parliament and Government have accomplished significant developments in developing the tax system However, it is evident that Parliament and the Government must continue working to improve the tax system. A clear and friendly tax environment is the cornerstone upon which the investment climate in Ukraine will flourish to its full potential.