The Prepositions of Time (предлоги времени)

Предлоги времени делятся на две группы: 1) time – when (когда) – at, in, on, by, before, after, between; 2) time – duration (продолжительность) – since, from … to …, until/till, for, while.

Предлоги не ставятся перед словами last, this, next (last month, this year, next week – в прошлом месяце, в этом году, на следующей неделе), а также перед yesterday, tomorrow во фразах типа – yesterday evening – вчера вечером, tomorrow night – завтра ночью (сравните: in the evening).

Ex. 19. Translate the word combinations with prepositions of time.

at (в, на) (момент или период времени, возраст)	at present, at this moment, at the same time, at any time, at that time, at night, at Christmas, at half past eight a.m.(p.m.), at a quarter past three, at the beginning/end of the lesson, at the age of 17, at 18 years of age
in (в, во время, в течение, через) (часть суток, время года, месяц, продолжительность)	in 15 minutes, in an hour, in 4 years, in a week, in spring (summer, autumn, winter), in May, in 2014, in the XXI century, in the morning (evening, afternoon)
on (в) (дата, день недели, точный момент)	on the 23rd of February, on the 8th of March, on weekdays, on Friday (Saturday, Sunday, Monday, etc.), on Friday evening/ morning, on Christmas eve, on another day, on time
by (к) (приближение к определенному сроку)	by tomorrow, by September, by Monday, by this/that time/moment, by the end of the month (the lesson, the week), by 5 o’clock, by 2025
till/until (до, до тех пор, не раньше)	till tomorrow, till last week, till December, till Sunday, till winter, until July
during (в течение, в продолжение, во время)	during the lesson, during the break, during the day, during the summer, during the II World War

Ex. 20. Open the brackets by translating the words into English.

1. My father often works (ночью). 2. I met my friends (вчера вечером). 3. You must be here (к пяти часам). 4. Please, call me sometime (во время каникул). 5. My sister left school (в прошлом году). 6. I’ll keep it for you (до вторника). 7. It’s two o’clock. I’ll come (через час). 8. It sometimes snows (на Рождество). 9. They always visit us (в субботу). 10. We live (в XXI веке). 11. I am going to play football (в три часа). 12. We must do it (к завтрашнему дню). 13. My friends arrive (утром 1-го июля). 14. The studies begin (в сентябре) and are over (в июле).

Ex. 21. Insert the missing prepositions and complete the sentences.

1. I was born ... (date, month, year). 2. We often celebrate my birthday ... (day of week). 3. … summer my hobby is football, and ... winter it is hockey. 4. ... weekdays I get up ... half past six, and … Sundays … half past seven. 5. The lessons begin ... half past eight ... the morning and are over … half past one. 6. Cadets have English … Tuesdays. 7. ... the English lessons cadets do a lot of tasks. 8. Cadets have a short rest … the evening. 9. Cadets have examinations ... December and July. 10. I'll graduate from the Academy ... five years.

The Verb "To Be"

(глагол "to be")

Глагол "to be" – "быть", "являться", "существовать", "находиться" имеет следующие личные формы в настоящем времени.

Формы глагола "to be" в настоящем времени

Местоимения	Формы глагола	Сокращенные формы	Отрицательные формы	Вопросительные формы
I	am	I’m	am not = ’m not	Am I …?
he she it	is	he’s she’s it’s	is not = isn’t	Is he/she/it …?
we you they	are	we’re you’re they’re	are not = aren’t	Are you/ we/they …?

Используя соответствующие формы глагола "to be", можно составить множество предложений для сообщения различных данных, описания состояний и т. д.

1. First name, middle name (father’s name), last name (surname). Меня зовут Иван. – My first name is Ivan. Мое отчество Петрович. – My middle name (father’s name) is Petrovich. Моя фамилия Иванов. – My last name (surname) is Ivanov.

2. Age. Мне 18 лет. – I am 18 (years old). А моему другу 20. – But my friend is 20 (years old).

3. Address. Я в Орле сейчас. Мой адрес – 203040, Орел, улица Лескова, дом 3, кв. 15. – I am in Orel now. My present address is 203040, Orel, Leskov Street 3, flat 15.

4. Location. Мой друг (находится) в лаборатории. – My friend is in the lab now. Мои учебники (находятся) на полке. – My textbooks are on the shelf.

5. Telephone number. Мой телефон 345798 (домашний), 89606605537 (сотовый). – My telephone number is 345798 (home), 89606605537 (cellular).

6. Nationality. Я – русский. – I am Russian. А мой друг – американец. – But my friend is an American.

7. Profession, rank. Я – курсант первого года обучения. – I am a first-year cadet (a freshman). Он – будущий офицер. He is a future officer.

8. Time, distance, weather conditions, dates and the names of week days. Понедельник. – It is Monday. Семь часов утра. – It is 7 a.m. Холодно. – It is cold. Двадцать третье февраля. – It is the 23^rd of February. Недалеко до библиотеки. – It is a short way to the library.

9. Different states and circumstances. Я болен. – I am ill. Он здоров. – He is well. Они отсутствуют. – They are absent. Десять курсантов присутствуют и готовы. – Ten cadets are present and correct.

10. The necessity of doing smth. (глагол "to be" в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей "to" выражает долженствование по плану, по договоренности) Я должен перевести текст 1. – I am to translate Text 1. Вы должны выполнить упражнение 6 на странице 25. – You are to do exercise 6 at page 25.

Ex. 22. Translate into Russian.

My name is Pete. My father’s name is Ivanovich. My friend’s surname is Sidorov. He is a second-year cadet of the militia Academy. But I’m not. I am a first-year cadet of the military Academy. I am in Orel. But my friend isn’t. He is in Moscow now. I am a future military officer. But my friend isn’t. My friend is a future militia officer. He is married. But I’m not. I am single. I am at the English lesson now. But my friends aren’t. They are in the lab. They are to listen to the text. My English textbook is on the table. I am to read Text 2.

Ex. 23. Fill in the blanks using the verb "to be" in the correct form.

1. I … a first-year cadet. 2. Our military Academy … in Orel. 3. It … in the closed area. 4. Life at our Academy … busy. 5. We … the busiest cadets in the country. 6. Cadets barracks … modern. 7. Cadets mess … modern too. 8. Its food … of high quality. 9. Cadets … to get up at 06:30. 10. Cadets summer leave … normally 4 weeks. 11. Cadets clubs … football, wrestling, etc. 12. We … at the English lesson. 13. You … to learn new words. 14. My friend … to read the text.

Ex. 24. Answer the questions.

1. What is your name/father’s name/surname? 2. How old are you? 3. How old is your mother/father/brother/friend? 4. What family are you from? 5. What city/town are you from? 6. What city/town is your friend from? 7. Where are your parents now? 8. What Academy are you a cadet of? 9. What Academy is your friend a cadet of? 10. What is your future profession? 11. What is your friend’s future profession? 12. Is your future profession difficult?

Ex. 25*. Make up a short story about yourself/your friend around the following.

1. first/middle/last name; 2. age; 3. home-town; 4. nationality; 5. telephone number; 6. family address; 7. future profession.

Ex. 26. Learn the report of the cadet-on-duty by heart.

1. Comrade Teacher! Group 691 consists of 12 cadets. All cadets are present and correct. On duty today – cadet Ivanov.

2. Comrade Teacher! Group 692 consists of 13 cadets. 11 cadets are present and correct. 2 cadets are absent. 1 cadet is ill and one cadet is on duty. On duty today – cadet Ivanov.

3. Comrade Teacher! Group 603 consists of 15 cadets. 10 cadets are present and correct. 5 cadets are absent. 2 cadets are ill, 2 cadets are on duty and 1 cadet is on leave. On duty today – cadet Ivanov.

4. Comrade Teacher! Group 612 consists of 16 cadets. 10 cadets are present and correct. 6 cadets are absent. 2 cadets are ill, 2 cadets are on duty, 1 cadet is on leave and 1 cadet is absent on other reasons. On duty today – cadet Ivanov.

Ex. 27. Report to the teacher according to the following.

gr 692 15/15

gr 601 14/12 1- ill 1 – on duty

gr 603 13/ 9 2 – ill 1 – on duty 1 – on leave

gr 612 12/ 5 3 – ill 2 – on duty 2 – on leave

gr 611 17/ 11 1 – ill 2 – on duty 1 – on leave 2 – on other reasons

The Verb "To Have"

(глагол "to have")

Глагол "to have" – "иметь", "обладать" имеет следующие формы в настоящем времени.

Формы глагола "to have" в настоящем времени
Местоимения	Формы глагола	Сокращенные формы	Отрицательные формы
I	have	I’ve	haven’t
he she it	has	he’s she’s it’s	hasn’t
we you they	have	we’ve you’ve they’ve	haven’t

Отрицательное предложение можно также построить при помощи местоимения "no", которое ставится перед существительным – "I have no time to talk".

В настоящем времени вместо глагола "to have" в разговорной речи часто употребляется "have got" ("has got"). "I have a lot of friends." = "I have got a lot of friends." – У меня (есть) много друзей.

Глагол "to have" в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей "to" выражает долженствование (моральный долг, обязанность, нет выхода в силу обстоятельств) и переводится как "должен", "надо", "нужно", "приходится". "He has to stay at home. His sister is ill. " – "Он должен (ему надо) остаться дома. Его сестра больна".

Глагол "to have" употребляется в устойчивых выражениях типа – to have breakfast (dinner, supper) – завтракать и т. д., to have a rest – отдыхать, to have a walk – погулять, to have a good time – хорошо проводить время.

Ex. 28. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb "to have".

1. Cadets … three 90-minute lessons a day. 2. My friend … got a definite routine at the Academy. 3. Usually we … two periods of leave at the Academy. 4. I … a lot of English books. 5. My brother … a girl-friend, but I … . 6. Jane … got a brother and a sister. 7. They … English classes two times a week. 8. At the Academy cadets … breakfast, dinner and supper in the mess. 9. You … to take your exam one more time. 10. Pete and I … no time for fun. 11. I’m tired. Let us … a rest. 12. Mike … to work hard at all the subjects.

Ex. 29. Insert "to be" / "to have" in the proper form.

1. We … first-year cadets now. 2. I … many friends now. 3. They … cadets too. 4. How … you and how … your friend? 5. What … Ivan? – He … a cadet. 6. … Ivan a first-year cadet? – No, he … a second-year cadet. 7. Cadets … typical daily routine at the Academy. 8. Cadets … to go to bed at 22:30. 9. Do you also… typical daily routine? 10. … it your test? I think you … to write it once again. 11. Cadets … six hours of lessons a day. 12. Cadets … spring and summer leaves. 13. The man near the window … my commander. 14. He … a captain. 15. He … 30 cadets at his command. 16. We … to learn the report of the cadet on duty for the English lesson. 17. He … to come back in time. His mother … ill.

Ex. 30. Make up general (yes/no) questions according to the model.

Model: Ivan is a student. – Is Ivan a student?

He has many friends. – Has he many friends? Does he have many friends?

We have a lot of work. – Have we a lot of work? Do we have a lot of work?

1. My friend is a cadet. 2. He is a first-year cadet. 3. I am a cadet too. 4. We are in the class now. 5 We have the English lesson twice a month. 6. The other cadets are in the lab. 7. Comrade Petrov is a lab assistant. 8. He has many duties. 9. He is twenty five years old. 10. Cadets have a lot of tasks.

Ex. 31. Translate into English.

1. Я курсант-первокурсник. 2. Сейчас я в классе. 3. Мои друзья тоже курсанты. 4. Они очень заняты. 5. У них утренняя поверка (inspection). 6. Мой друг сегодня дежурный. 7. Он курсант-отличник (a top cadet). 8. У нас по шесть часов занятий каждый день. 9. У них есть время для отдыха после ужина. 10. Наши казармы современные. 11. После обеда курсанты отдыхают. 12. Мы завтракаем, обедаем и ужинаем в столовой. 13. Наша столовая большая и находится рядом (to be near with) с казармами. 14. У курсантов есть зимние и летние каникулы.