- •Содержание
- •Предисловие
- •Перечень выражений, используемых в заданиях
- •Выражения классного обихода
- •Грамматические термины
- •Topic: Military Education
- •Phonetics
- •Word-building
- •The Pronouns (местоимения)
- •The Numerals (числительные)
- •The Prepositions of Time (предлоги времени)
- •The Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы)
- •The Degrees of Comparison (степени сравнения прилагательных)
- •The Word Order (порядок слов)
- •Структура английского предложения
- •Повествовательное предложение
- •Cadets study English at the military Academy.
- •2. Вопросительное предложение
- •The Present Tenses (времена английского глагола в настоящем времени)
- •The Types of Questions (типы вопросов)
- •! Mind the following question words to ask about:
- •The Infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Vocabulary
- •Text a Cadets’ Life at the Academy
- •Speech practice
- •Text b The Massachusetts State Police Academy
- •Text c Academy Rules and Regulations
- •Text 1 Preparation for Admission
- •Academic Program
- •Conversion (конверсия)
- •Grammar Regular and Irregular Verbs (правильные и неправильные глаголы)
- •The Past Tenses (времена английского глагола в прошедшем времени)
- •Образование и употребление форм прошедшего времени в активном залоге
- •The Participles I, II (причастия I, II)
- •Обстоятельства:
- •3. Части сказуемого (выраженного Continuous или Perfect Continuous):
- •2. Обстоятельства:
- •3. Части сказуемого (выраженного Perfect Active или Passive Voice):
- •The Equivalents of the Modal Verbs (эквиваленты модальных глаголов)
- •Reading Dates (чтение дат)
- •Vocabulary
- •To be born into a family of ...
- •Text a My Father is a Lawyer
- •3. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов в прошедшем времени;
- •Text b a. F. Koni
- •Text c Chief Justice of the usa
- •Text 1 a. M. Kennedy
- •Text 2 Arthur Conan Doyle
- •Topic: Political Set-Up of the English-Speaking Countries Text a: The usa Political Set-Up Text b: The uk Political Set-Up
- •Phonetics
- •Word-building
- •The Usage of the Pronouns
- •(Употребление местоимений
- •The Pronouns "some / any / no" and their derivatives (местоимения "some / any / no" и их производные)
- •The Noun Attribute Group (существительные в качестве определений)
- •The Functions of the Word "one" (функции слова "one")
- •The Future Tenses (времена английского глагола в будущем времени)
- •The Gerund (герундий)
- •The Verbal Noun (отглагольное существительное)
- •Vocabulary
- •Text a The us Political Set-Up
- •Speech practice
- •Organization of the us Government
- •Text b The uk Political Set-Up
- •Model: What … kind of State? – What kind of State is Great Britain? – Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy.
- •The uk Political Set-Up
- •Text c The usa Constitution
- •Text 1 The System of Government
- •Text 2 Great Britain - a Constitutional Monarchy
- •Types of Clauses Multifunctional Words: "that", "it"
- •Phonetics
- •Word-building
- •Grammar The Passive Voice (страдательный залог)
- •The Types of Clauses (типы придаточных предложений)
- •Бессоюзные придаточные предложения
- •The Functions of the word "it" (функции слова "it")
- •The Functions of the word "that / those" (функции слова "that / those")
- •Vocabulary
- •Text a An Introduction to Law
- •3. Придаточные предложения, определите их тип;
- •Speech practice
- •Text b Court systems in the English-speaking countries
- •Text c legal agencies of the russian federation
- •Text 1 What is Constitutional Law
- •Text 2 Judiciary
- •Indirect Speech Conditional clauses
- •Phonetics
- •Word-building Сложные прилагательные состоят:
- •Grammar The Sequence of Tenses (согласование времен)
- •The Indirect Speech (косвенная речь)
- •Изменения местоимений и наречий времени в косвенной речи
- •The Conditional clauses (придаточные предложения условия)
- •Типы условных предложений
- •Vocabulary
- •Text a The Profession of a Lawyer
- •4. Придаточные предложения, определите их тип;
- •Speech practice
- •Text b Types of Legal Professions in Great Britain
- •Task 7*. Speak on the topic "Legal Profession" using the given table. Legal profession
- •Text c Jurisprudence as a Career
- •Deputy secretary
- •Temporary solicitor
- •Deputy secretary professional practice
- •The court of justice of the european communities in luxembourg
- •Lawyer-linguists
- •Text 2 Judge’s "respectful" plea for plainer English
- •Topic: Law-Enforcement Bodies
- •Phonetics
- •Word-building
- •The Objective with the Infinitive – Complex Object (объектный падеж с инфинитивом – сложное дополнение)
- •The Nominative with the Infinitive – Complex Subject (именительный падеж с инфинитивом – сложное подлежащее)
- •2) Complex Subject.
- •The Emphatic Construction (эмфатическая конструкция)
- •Vocabulary
- •Text a The Work of the Police in Great Britain
- •Routine Police Work in the uk
- •The Oath of the British Сonstable
- •Text b Police Powers
- •International Criminal Police Organization or Interpol
- •Text 1 The British Police
- •Text 2 What to do if you see or hear anything suspicious – Dial 999
- •4. Public international law is the set of rules that governs international organisations like the United Nations.
- •5. When the Appellate Court publishes its opinion on a case, that opinion may create new case law.
- •6. Substantive law is concerned with all rules of conduct except those involved in enforcement.
- •14. By the end of the last month the members of the Supreme Court ... By the government.
- •16. Civil procedure is used when a civil law ... .
- •19. Associate justices ... By the President in a week.
- •24. After the verdict of a jury has been returned, the judge gives a judgement.
- •4. It’s difficult these days for a young person to find ... Job.
- •5. The defendant wrote a ... .
- •6. The ... Centre of the United States is the Capitol with its great House of Representatives and Senate Chamber.
- •12. He didn’t decide whether he would take the examination to become an attorney ... .
- •14. The teacher told us that there were interesting judicial magazines in the reading hall ... .
- •16. We wondered if he would raise this problem at the next meeting.
- •19. Nick said, "I served in the Army two years ago".
- •24. If her English were not good, she ... English books in the original.
- •Приложение Фонетический справочник
- •Грамматический справочник
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Cравнительные конструкции
- •Сводная таблица видо-временных форм глагола
- •Основные суффиксы и префиксы
- •Англо-русский словарь
The Infinitive (инфинитив)
В английском языке имеются четыре неличные формы глаго-
ла – Infinitive (инфинитив), Participle I (причастие I), Participle II (причастие II), Gerund (герундий). От личных форм глагола они отличаются тем, что не имеют лица, числа, наклонения и не могут употребляться в предложении как простые глагольные сказуемые.
Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола, которая только называет действие, не указывая на лица и числа (сравните – что делать? что сделать?) Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица "to". Однако частица "to" перед инфинитивом часто опускается.
Инфинитив употребляется без частицы "to" после модальных глаголов can, may, must, после выражений had better – лучше бы, would rather – предпочел бы (You had better do it at once. – Вам бы лучше сделать это немедленно), после глаголов to make заставлять, to let разрешать (Let him do it. – Пусть он сделает это).
Если два инфинитива соединяются союзом and или or, то перед вторым из них частица "to" обычно опускается (Are you going to phone Bill and invite him to the party? – Собираешься ли ты позвонить Биллу и пригласить его на вечеринку?)
Инфинитив имеет формы времени и залога.
|
Active |
Passive |
Indefinite |
to ask |
to be asked |
Continuous |
to be asking |
|
Perfect |
to have asked |
to have been asked |
Perfect-Continuous |
to have been asking |
|
Только для двух форм инфинитива, а именно Indefinite Infinitive Active и Indefinite Infinitive Passive, имеются соответствующие формы в русском языке: to ask – спрашивать, to be asked – быть спрошенным (спрашиваемым). Остальные формы инфинитива не могут переводиться на русский язык изолированно, т. е. вне предложения. Continuous Infinitive – to be asking – употребляется со значением спрашивать в какой-нибудь определенный момент, Perfect Infinitive Active – to have asked – спрашивать, спросить до какого-нибудь момента, Perfect Continuous Infinitive – to have been asking – спрашивать в течение отрезка времени, предшествующего какому-нибудь моменту, и Perfect Infinitive Passive – to have been asked – быть спрошенным (спрашиваемым) до какого-нибудь момента. Сравните:
1. I was happy to visit grandma in the country. – Я был счастлив навестить бабушку в деревне.
2. I was happy to have visited grandma in the country. – Я был счастлив, что навестил бабушку в деревне.
3. It was pleasant for her to be working in the garden. – Ей было приятно работать в саду.
4. She seems to have been working in the garden for a long time. – Кажется, она уже давно работает в саду.
5. I am glad to congratulate you on holiday. – Я рад поздравить вас с праздником.
6. I am glad to have been congratulated on holiday. – Я рад, что меня поздравили с праздником.
В предложении инфинитив выполняет следующие функции.
Infinitive (to + V0) |
||
функции в предложении |
положение в предложении |
способы перевода |
подлежащее |
1. в начале предложения, до сказуемого To read books is useful. 2. в конструкциях типа: It is interesting to do smth, etc. It is difficult to read English. |
1. неопределенной формой глагола; 2. cуществительным в именительном падеже |
часть сказуемого |
после to be, модальных глаголов (их эквивалентов) We must read text 1. He is to read text 2. Our task is to read text 3 |
1. неопределенной формой глагола; 2. cуществительным (напр., задача заключается в чтении) |
дополнение |
после сказуемого I often ask him to read English novels. I like to read. I’d like you to read aloud. |
1. неопределенной формой глагола; 2. дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзами "что", "чтобы"
|
определение |
после существительного I have no desire to read.
часто употребляется в пассивной форме to be + Ved /V3 The text to be read is interesting. |
1. неопределенной формой глагола; 2. придаточным предложением с союзом "который", причем сказуемое придаточного предложения выражает модальное значение (который надо / необходимо), или относится к будущему времени (который будет)
|
обстоятельство |
в начале предложения (до подлежащего) или в самом конце предложения (In order) To read the text we often use dictionaries. We always use dictionaries (in order) to read the text. |
1. глаголом в неопределенной форме с союзом "для того чтобы"; 2. существительным с предлогом "для" |
Ex. 53. Point out the Infinitives.
1. We must come to the meeting at 2 o’clock. 2. The teacher always explains grammar material to the cadets. 3. I am to meet my friend at five o’clock. 4. He often telephones to his brother on Sundays. 5. It is necessary to telephone to them at once. 6. My sister likes to dance. 7. To learn to play the guitar is not easy. 8. It’s high time to go to bed.
Ex. 54. Insert "to" wherever necessary.
1. It is easy … check your answer. 2. You must … tell us the truth. 3. I always try … solve my problems myself. 4. It is better … put your money in a bank. 5. I can … play chess rather well. 6. It is very important … know the laws of one’s own country. 7. Please, let them … help you. 8. We have come … ask you several questions.
Ex. 55. Replace the parts in bold according to the model.
Model: I have no books which I can read. – I have no books to read.
1. I have a friend who will help me. 2. He has a lot of work that he must do. 3. She has something that she wants to say. 4. We have 3 exams which we must take soon. 5. Here is the telephone company that will serve me. 6. I have no news which I must tell you. 7. Give me more facts which must prove your version. 8. He has no money which he will give you.
Ex. 56. Translate the sentences, state the functions of the Infinitive.
a) 1. To become a cadet is my dream. 2. To get knowledge means to work hard. 3. To become an officer is not easy. 4. It is hard to practice in driving. 5. It is interesting to study at our Academy.
b) 1. All cadets must take part in cleaning the Academy’s territory. 2. Cadets can do various tasks themselves. 3. My dream is to study at the military Academy. 4. His brother’s plan is to finish the Academy with honors. 5. Our mission is to prepare to studies.
c) 1. The problem to be solved is very important. 2. The task to be done is complex. 3. The plan to be made is necessary. 4. The subjects to be studied are difficult, but interesting.
d) 1. To graduate from the military Academy cadets must work hard. 2. To study various subjects cadets must do their best. 3. To pass five exams in winter you must do a lot of work. 4. To develop themselves cadets work hard at all the subjects. 5. We read English much to enlarge our vocabulary. 6. Many additional programs are developed to help cadets study. 7. Cadets work hard to develop physically and intellectually.
Ex. 57. Define the functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences.
1. The main mission of military Academies is to educate and train future military leaders for the Armed Forces. 2. All cadets must have moral spirit and build self-discipline. 3. One of the tasks is to learn to drive a car. 4. The Academy’s mission is to guide each cadet through his or her daily routine. 5. Cadet duties to be done are various and difficult. 6. Cadets have the chance to develop themselves for future career. 7. To develop self-discipline in cadets is one of the main military tasks. 8. To train professional leaders the Academy has a unique program. 9. Recruits must train in three areas to be good leaders in future. 10. To prepare for the military training candidates must develop their physical strength.
