6. The sentence and the phrase.
Смирнитский: синтакс – наука о построении речи.
When we speak or wrights we convey our thoughts with the help of sentences. The sentence is the only language unites capable of expressing. Part of communication. Presented a statement or asking questions. Sentences are all very different. Sentences can be long extended in speech style. They can be very short even one – member in oral speech. Some can be colloquial. Where to? – class – Math? – No, Spanish – In a hurry? - rather – What for? – Almost ten – So long – call me up.
The explanation of the fact there are so many definitions is in the problem what is taken as the initial criteria of definitions. Definitions may be based on logical, psychological, formal criteria and it can be one sided and many sided.
It can not be accepted any more they are logical or psychological because thoughts are not the object in study of linguistics.
Bloomfield: a sentence is an independent linguistic form not included by virtue of any grammatical construction into any larger form.
Robert Lees: a sentence is a stream or a sequence of linguistic forms or of one linguistic forms which has a different grammatical structure, a definite intonation contrea and is able to convey complete communication.
Blokh: a sentence is the immediate integral unite of speech build up of words according to a definite syntactic form and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose.
The most important property to a sentence: - Predication
- Modality
- Certain structure
- Intonation
7. The connection of Theoretical grammar with other aspects of language study and with important notions of modern linguistic theory.
The connection of the Theoretical grammar with certain important notions of modern theory.
Language synchrony, syntagmatic
Speech diachronic, paradigmatic
Fundamental division of the language
Language is the structure of the language. The code grammar of the language, the system of rules existence in the brain of any speaking individual.
Speech is individual. Concrete real usage of the language.
Apposition
Synchrony Diachrony
The representation the opposite notion representation
Of lang. Definite state of the lang. at different stages of hist.
of historical development develop.
Syntagmatic relation Paradigmatic relations
Relations one word to other word relations of a word on a vertical line.
One unite to other unite in a chain One grammatical form to other grammatical form
Or in one line a boy – boys, boy’s – boys`
Modern Grammer takes advantage of Modern Methods of investigation.
The distributional method
Oppositional method and other methods.
Theoretical grammar is connected with different aspects of the language.
Language consists of three main parts: Phonology
Lexicology
Grammar
Theor. Gramm. Connected with practical grammar, history of the language and also stylistic. All this levels are interconnected. Practical grammar studies different rules of grammatical changes, oder of words, grammatical usage, speak the language.
Theoretical grammar is known to have an abstract and generalizes facts.
Connection with phonetics.
Sometimes purely phonetical phenomena can acquire grammatical meaning. Man – men
Connection with lexicology. Vise versa. Grammatical phenomena may acquire semantical difference. Colors, conving to Buckingham palace we saw colors over the room.
Connection with the History of the language.
The tense system of the word. Only tenses: Present, Past, Future. In old English – only two tenses. In old English people used collocations of modal verbs.
Grammar and word building
word – building is a method of lexicology
word – building is a partly a matter of grammar
word – building should be in between in a special sphere. Lexicology and grammar.
We have a certain suffixes belong to this or that part of speech. Example: independence, Freedom, Kingdome, friendship
Some suffixes are embiquize ()двусмысленны) and some are unambiquize less(adject), ity(nouns), ize(verbs)