5. The notion of a morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
The morpheme is the basic morphological notion.
The central notion of Morphology is a morpheme. The problem of definition the morpheme is still under discussion.
The most general notion it’s very difficult to define.
Виноградов gives the following definition.
Morphemes are segments possessing each a certain meaning in the given language. Semantically they are considered to be indivisible.
Ильишь defines morphemes the smallest meaningful unites in to which a word – form may be divided.
E. g. Consists of 3 morphemes W I I T lexical morpheme.
Secondly expresses the idea of an agent perfoment the action indicated the root morphemes.
Grammatical aspect:
Finally: s indicates the number it is a grammatical morpheme.
О. С. Ахманова in the dictionary
Морфема(морфологическая единица) – (связанная форма), наименьшая(предельная), неделимая далее без потери данного качества и регулярно воспроизводимая согласно моделям данного языка, единица системы выражения, непосредственно соотносимая, соответствующая элементам системы содержания.
E. g.: In the forms are not repeated
Смородина – huckleberry - черника
Малина
A morpheme is an element or an unite(or a form) which no bears no partial phonetic, semantic resembles to any other form which being recorrect and structure.
Ахманова: a morpheme is a recorrect word.
E. g. write, writing, written phrases, writing desk
A some different conception of the approach to the morpheme may be found in the scholars. A morpheme in their opinion is not one concrete unite but a whole set of variants called allomorphs.
The morpheme of the PL of the noun consists of several: [s] [z] [iz] after voiceless consonants
The technique of Distributional analysis.
The descriptive method consisted of the several procedures.
T
he
first procedures are segmentation or division of speech float of
speech when it is recorded. During these procedures the linguists
were to pick out identical streams phonemes which were called
morphemes first stage.
The second step – to identify the morphs that is to find out weather they acquire in the same distributional or not.
E. g.: Books
Walks are found in one distribution
Pens
Runs
Foxes
Dresses Identical phoneticall variant
The second scheme: he walks, he runs, he dresses – other morphemes. The distribution is the same and the meaning of the morphemes is the same. The meaning of plurality. Then the morph belongs to the same morpheme. There is a sly phonetical difference them we have allomorphs of the same morpheme.
Distribution is called complementary (дополнительная дистрибуция)
Morphemes must be identified in contrasting distribution. Morphs should have identical meaning. And thus we include replacive allomorphs into morphemes.
E. g. человек мужчина man men [] [e]
Woman women [u] [e]
Mouse mice [ou] [ai]
The classification of morphemes.
Form and meaning.
Two kinds of morphemes, according to their meaning.
Lexical meaning is rented by the lexical morpheme
Grammatical meaning is expressed by grammatical meaning.
Very often in English a word often consists of on morpheme. E. g. one, two, three.
A word can consist of a several morphemes. E. g. hand – two morphemes
1) is overed (явно выраженная)
2) is covered (закрытая)
3) is zero morpheme
A grammar morpheme can express two or three grammatical meanings. For instance he walks s expresses person, number, tense, mood (наклонение).
This phenomena is called synchronism (синхронизм – освещение нескольких признаков)
Traditional linguists classify the morphemes with the word form derivation.
The first type is called synthetic. When grammatical changes take place in the verb itself.
For the nouns s, s`
For adjectives: degrees of comparison
For the verbs: e a s t
To synthetic types belong to sound alteration
The second type: analytical type. E. g. has invited (Present Perfect), is invited (Passive voice), has been inviting (Present Perfect Cont.)
The third – suplative type (суплетивный) building form different stems. We – us I - me
Go – went
This classification is traditional.
Modern linguists give a lot of terms:
Linear morpheme. For morpheme with follow one another as it are alive
Will be sound alteration replacive : mouse – mice
Goose – geese
Discontinuous morphemes (прерывистые морфемы) Е. G. has broken, has V3
Suprosegmental morphemes. Stress and intonation. E, g. import - import