4. Phrases. Classification of phrases.
Ben Johnson – the first, who began it. Scholars of the 18 century: James Greenwood. 19 c.: William Cobbot. 20 c.^ O. Jazzperson “Philosophy grammar”, “The theory of the rangs”
The theory of three ranges
Rung 3 Rung 2 Rang 1
Terribly cold weather
A furiously barking dog
Terribly cold weather – nominative, predicative unite
According to Ильишь: the phrase is every combination of two or more words, which is a grammatical unite but not an analytical form of some word (as, for instance, the perfect forms of verbs).
Has written – is not a phrase
Phrases: beautiful flower, cold weather
The Classification of phrases is based on structural meaning. (Franses, The structure of analytical English) divided only into 4 types:
The structure of modification consists of a head word and modifier(Hungry people)
Frensis (the structure of predication) subject+predicate
Of complementation: verb+compliment (смысловое дополнение) speak truth
Of coordination. Consists of grammatically equivalent of units. “Hope and Pray”
Condition for a phrase to be a phrase: 1. not an analytical form (have gone, is doing – not phrases)
Word in the phrase are notional
The principle of subordination – no coordination
No Predication
Predication is a relation between a subject and the predicate, is is established relation between reality and the situation.
О. В. Александрова, Т. А. Комова “Modern English grammar: Morphology and Syntax”
Word
combinations
Nominal
A + N
N + inf Verbal Adjectival
V + N V + Inf A + inf
V + ing V + Pre ing A + prep Ving
V + D A + Aprep
A + D
A + N = poor Urik
N + P + N = room at the top
N + P + A + N = a girl with dark eyes
N + P + Ving = difficulties in understanding
N + Inf = a book to read
Verbal: V + N = to read book
V + Inf = to forget to pose
V + Ving = to stop talking
V + prep + Ving = to insist on going
D + V = completely forgot
Adjectival: A – Inf = glad to see
A + Prep + N = fool of water
A + Prep + Ving = fond of reading
According to Blokh: The phrase consists of a head word (kernel) + subordinate element (adjunct)
Noun phrases Verb phrases Adjective phrases Adverbial phrases
Субстантивные глагольные атрибутивные обстоятельственные
“Chinese Box”
A
Most
Beautifully
Written
Novel
A most beautifully written novel
Elative meaning
*In the meaning of adjective property stative expresses stative property. (Бархударов)
The comb inabilities are similar
According to the member of words
1. Simple phrase (to read a book)
2. With expended head (three black dogs, the reception of the delegation by the president)
3. with expended adjunct (politically active use)
4. When both the heads are expended (the delegation by the president of the republic)
5. When the immediate consequence may be separated by other words (slowly, old Julian got up out of the chair)
6. Coordinate phrases (соединение)
Simple syntactic phrases with conjunctions: but, yet. Precious but remote
Correlative syndatic phrases with conjunctions: both, either…or, neither…nor, now: either gerund or participle
Asindatic phrases (бессоюзные): great shining eyes.
A positive assindatic phrases: John, the Baptist; you, young people.
Predicative phrases
Infinitive predicative phrases: for John to go
Gerundial predicative phrases: him being late
Absolute Predicative Phrases: All things consider I agree to you proposal
The classification is more extended more detailed it is based on different principles but not all types distinguish by prof. Бархударов are accepted by other scholars. Which once recognized and the second type(coordinate phrases) and the third predicative phrases are not recognized phrases by many scholars.
The Problems:
Ильишь refers to phrases every combination of two or more words. He recognizes phreses even when there is a combination of when we have prepositions: to the university, of the boy. Most scholars don’t believe that are phrases. Because scholars believe that we have notional words. His arguments: If we don’t accept such combination and neglect them they are very often not.
Бархударов. Predicative combinations are given as phrase like American scholars. Some special constructions.
Blokh. Phrases are always build on the principle of subordination.
In Russian linguistics (Виноградов, Суботин), predicative combinations are not called phrases and Виноградов called it sentences bases: He took
Blokh uses always subordinate phrases but S + predict. May be called phrases, on the other hand they are sentences bases.
Idiomatic phrases: we have two words but they are used in the change meaning and the may refer to the idiomatic phrases. E. g. To beat about the bush.
Are they phrases or not. They are not phrases, not grammatical phrases when we speak about grammatical ph. All the words are used in the dictionary meaning a general meaning is explicit. Idiomatic phrases ready may units. But phrases are freely constructed in speech.
Both of them the phrase and sentence are freely constructed in speech but phrases are nominative units of the language, the sentence on the one hand nominative unit it nominates a whole situation. The other hand it is a predicative unite of the language: subject and predicate. It expresses predications.