- •Theoretical grammar as a Branch of Linguistics.
- •Syntax. The object of study.
- •Morphology and Syntax as two subdivisions of Grammar.
- •4. Phrases. Classification of phrases.
- •5. The notion of a morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •6. The sentence and the phrase.
- •7. The connection of Theoretical grammar with other aspects of language study and with important notions of modern linguistic theory.
- •8. The Sentence. Classification of the sentences.
- •9. English morphemic
- •10. The simple sentence. Classification of simple sentence.
- •Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory
- •11. The problem of parts of speech.
- •12. The problems of the simple sentence.
- •13. The problem of notional and formal parts of speech.
- •14. Kernel (basic) sentence and their transforms.
- •15. Descriptive approach to establishing classes of words (Ch. Fries` classification)
- •16. Composite sentences. General characteristic.
- •17. The noun as a part of speech.
- •18. Transformational mechanism of analyzing sentences.
- •19. The noun. The category of number.
- •20. The compound sentence.
- •21. The noun. The problem of the gender.
- •23. The Adjective. The degrees of comparison.
- •24. Complex sentences. Different ways of connection clauses.
- •25. The Pronoun. Classification of pronoun
- •28. Functional sentence perspective.
- •29. The verb as a part of speech. The problem of classification.
- •30. Text linguistics. Its basic unite and types.
- •31. The grammatical category of Tense.
- •32. Oppositional analysis in morphology
- •33. The grammatical category of aspect.
- •35. The grammatical category of time relation.
- •36. The Indicative mood
- •37. The grammatical category of voice.
- •38. The Problem of the Imperative mood.
- •39. The grammatical category of mood. Different conceptions.
- •40. The problem of the Subjunctive mood.
- •41. Functional parts of speech.
39. The grammatical category of mood. Different conceptions.
H. Swift: Moods in this way – grammatical forms expressing different relations between subject and predicate.
J. Curm: Moods changes in the form of the verb to show the voices way in which the action or state is sort of by the speaker.
Виноградов: Категория наклонения выражает, установившееся, говорящим лицом отношение действия к действительности.
Ахманова: грамматическая категория глагола, выражающая отношение содержания высказываемого к действительности.
Модальность – понятийная категория со значением отношения говорящего к содержанию высказывания и отношение содержания высказываемого к действительности.
Виноградов: Mood expresses the relation to the action to reality as stated by the speaker. Mood may represent actions, actually taking place or conditional or imaginary or desired.
English verbs are characterized be the binary opposition: imperative - nonimperative
40. The problem of the Subjunctive mood.
41. Functional parts of speech.
Scholars who support formal parts of speech say that theses words denote only relation or connection between the notional words. And have nothing to do with extra linguistic reality. This words only connect words and sentences. Whereas notional parts of speech denote actions and other extra – linguistic reality. However the examples are given evidently prove the fact the prepositions and conjunctions do posses lexical meaning although very general.
Prepositions still may have lexical meaning but very general. They are invariable, may be preceded by nouns, statives, numerals, gerund, adverbs, pronouns. They are never separate parts of speech.
Conjunctions the form is invariable, form connects with the words.
Semantic relation between the clauses in compound sentences.
Copulative (=addition): and, nor, neither…nor, not only…but
Adversative (=contrast): but, while, whereas, however, only, nevertheless, still, yet
Disjunctive (=choice): or, else, or els, either…or, otherwise
Causal – consecutive (=cause and consecutive): for, therefore, accordingly, hence
Resultative (=result): so, for, thus, that’s why
Sometimes relation and connection are difficult to distinguish: the old man his son. An old man and his son.
Particals: only, exclusively, even, just
Modal words: meaning is rather evident, sometimes denote qualities
Interjections: express emotions, represent noises.