32. Oppositional analysis in morphology

33. The grammatical category of aspect.

In Russian we have perfective and imperfective. In English it is common (walk) and continuous (is walking).

Aspect – is the grammatical category of the word which expresses the difference in the way the action is shown to proceed.

Write is writing

Wrote was writing

Will write will be writing

Has written has been writing

The set of opposition. One of the members of these opposition is characterized in form by the present of the pattern be + Ving, by the meaning of process of continuation and these members are called the marked or the strong members.

And the first member is characterized by the absence of the meaning and form

The basic meaning of the marked (second) members in the following it denotes the action proceeding continuously at a definite period of time.

The first members devoid this meaning it is unmarked.

The marked member is going to continuous and unmarked common.

O. Jazzperson, book “philosophy of grammar”. Nein aspects of English are presented be Deutschbein in his book.

1. Iterative (repeated)

2. Frequentative (многократно повтор.)

3. Inchoative (зачинательный)

4. Intensive

5. Continuous

6. Perfect

7. Resultative

8. Imperative

9. Causative

Грузинская shows the opposition that there three aspects in English. They are common, continuous and resultative: I have red the book

Жигадло-Иванова There few tenses in English: Past, present, Future. The category of aspect is represented by continuous form.

The continuous forms are mark member of the opposition.

34.

35. The grammatical category of time relation.

Temperal correlation and taxis. All of them are synonyms. In Russian: категория временной соотнесенности. In the system of the English verbs we come across some special opposition.

Opposition 1: in the Present – past form

2. between common forms and continuous forms

3. Between non – perfect – perfect forms

Write have written wrote had written

Will write will have written

The opposed member present the grammatical category of time relation: 1. the first member is unmarked and the second member is marked be discontinuous morpheme by the meaning of priority of precession is the invariable component of semi of the present

Perfect verbs have not only one component. Completeness (result): he has broken his leg. The next component is action taking place during the length of time till now.: I have lived in Tyumen for ten years.

For repeated action also with some time indication: He has often opened the window and said for hours looking out into the garden.

36. The Indicative mood

The use of the indicative mood shows that the speaker represents the action as real.

T wo additional remarks are necessary here.

1. The mention of the speaker (or writer) who represents the action as real is most essential. If we limited ourselves to saying that the indicative mood is used to represent real actions, we should arrive at the absurd conclusion that whatever has been stated by anybody (in speech or in writing) in a sentence with its predicate verb in the indicative mood is therefore necessarily true. We should then ignore the possibility of the speaker either being mistaken or else telling a deliberate lie. The point is that grammar (and indeed linguistics as a whole) does not deal with the ultimate truth or untruth of a statement with its predicate verb in the indicative (or, for that matter, in any other) mood. What is essential from the grammatical point of view is the meaning of the category as used by the author of this or that sentence. Besides, what are we to make of statements with their predicate verb in the indicative mood found in works of fiction? In what sense could we say, for instance, that the sentence David Copperfield married Dora or the sentence Soames Forsyte divorced his first wife, Irene represent "real facts", since we are aware that the men and women mentioned in these sentences never existed "in real life"? This is more evident still for such nursery rhyme sentences as, The cow jumped over the moon. This peculiarity of the category of mood should be always firmly kept in mind.

2. Some doubt about the meaning of the indicative mood may arise if we take into account its use in conditional sentences such as the following: I will speak to him if I meet him.

It may be argued that the action denoted by the verb in the indicative mood (in the subordinate clauses as well as in the main clauses) is not here represented as a fact but merely as a possibility (I may meet him, and I may not, etc.). However, this does not affect the meaning of the grammatical form as such. The conditional meaning is expressed by the conjunction, and of course it does alter the modal meaning of the sentence, but the meaning of the verb form as such remains what it was. As to the predicate verb of the main clause, which expresses the action bound to follow the fulfilment of the condition laid down in the subordinate clause, it is no more uncertain than an action belonging to the future generally is. This brings us to the question of a peculiar modal character of the future indicative, as distinct from the present or past indicative. In the sentence If he was there I did not see him the action of the main clause is stated as certain, in spite of the fact that the subordinate clause is introduced by if and, consequently, its action is hypothetical. The meaning of the main clause cannot be affected by this, apparently because the past has a firmer meaning of reality than the future. O n the whole, then, the hypothetical meaning attached to clauses introduced by if is no objection to the meaning of the indicative as a verbal category. ¹