- •Theoretical grammar as a Branch of Linguistics.
- •Syntax. The object of study.
- •Morphology and Syntax as two subdivisions of Grammar.
- •4. Phrases. Classification of phrases.
- •5. The notion of a morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •6. The sentence and the phrase.
- •7. The connection of Theoretical grammar with other aspects of language study and with important notions of modern linguistic theory.
- •8. The Sentence. Classification of the sentences.
- •9. English morphemic
- •10. The simple sentence. Classification of simple sentence.
- •Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory
- •11. The problem of parts of speech.
- •12. The problems of the simple sentence.
- •13. The problem of notional and formal parts of speech.
- •14. Kernel (basic) sentence and their transforms.
- •15. Descriptive approach to establishing classes of words (Ch. Fries` classification)
- •16. Composite sentences. General characteristic.
- •17. The noun as a part of speech.
- •18. Transformational mechanism of analyzing sentences.
- •19. The noun. The category of number.
- •20. The compound sentence.
- •21. The noun. The problem of the gender.
- •23. The Adjective. The degrees of comparison.
- •24. Complex sentences. Different ways of connection clauses.
- •25. The Pronoun. Classification of pronoun
- •28. Functional sentence perspective.
- •29. The verb as a part of speech. The problem of classification.
- •30. Text linguistics. Its basic unite and types.
- •31. The grammatical category of Tense.
- •32. Oppositional analysis in morphology
- •33. The grammatical category of aspect.
- •35. The grammatical category of time relation.
- •36. The Indicative mood
- •37. The grammatical category of voice.
- •38. The Problem of the Imperative mood.
- •39. The grammatical category of mood. Different conceptions.
- •40. The problem of the Subjunctive mood.
- •41. Functional parts of speech.
23. The Adjective. The degrees of comparison.
1) Meaning: is a POS expresses property or quality of substances. Permanent (a red flower), Temporary (a red face). Adjectives traditionally divided into qualitative, which denote qualities of a person or thing in dif. degrees (warm – warmer, the warmest); and relative, which characterized a person or things through it’s relations to other things (time – ancient culture; place – western union; material – a golden ring; nationality – an American boy). – SEMANTIC classification.
Form: Adj has neither number, nor case, not gender distinction. Eng A. are invariable unlike Russian.
Function: 1.On the phrase level: A+N (*French – times immemorial); with proceeding an adverb (very small), occasionally with the proceeding verb (married young). 2.On sentence level: attb, predict, object predict.
Derivation: (less, like, full).
2) Adj expressed qualities may be compared. The adj have 2 morphemes of degrees of quality, they are called sometimes “suffixes of comparison”. - Zero morpheme for the positive degree;
- overed – er – comparative; -est – superlative.
*Supplitive forms: good – better – the best, bad – worse – the worst.
How many degrees of comparison there are:
2d: Smirnitskii, Ganshina, Ilyish – 1st form doesn’t express any comparison.
3d: Jigadlo, Haimovich, Barhutdarov, Artemieva (positive, comparative, superlative).
Not every A has degrees of comparison (qualitative). Occasionally some relative (sem. Dif.) - comporables/noncomporables (Haimovich, Rogovskaia). Some A may not be used in the degrees of comparison due to their lex meaning (blind, deaf, dead, empty) *for artistic purposes. Not all eng. Nouns have syntactical forms of degrees (analytical way): more than two syllables, 1 syllable, when ends in two voiceless/noisy consonants (crisp, modest, laxe), A derived from present participle (interesting, charming).
3) Problems: 1. If combination more +A analytical or free syntactical combination. The trad. View tha this phrase wear analytical degrees of comparison: - used with the A, that can be copared; - the meaning of the combination is the same as syntactical formation (with suffixies).
But there are some arguments in favor of the 2d conception (Jigadlo): - the words more and most don’t lose their lexical meaning (more time, most people); - the combination are similar to the combination less/list+A, which are free syntactical combination; occasionally the combination has a special meaning – not a highest quality, but just a very high without any comparison, we use the indefinite article before the phrase (“Illative meaning”) – (M.J.Blokh is a most remarkable linguist).
There is one more problem – the problem of comparison less/list+A – degree or free form -> unsolved.
4) Substantivisation of A: 1. Complete – all categories of nouns (native – the natives of the village were all young/The native’s village). 2. Partially substantivized - the poor, the rich.