Приложение к контрольной работе № 4 Направление «Экономика»

ECONOMICS

Economics is the study of how society allocates scarce resources and goods. Resources are the inputs that society uses to produce output, called goods. Resources include inputs such as labor, capital, and land. Goods include products such as food, clothing, and housing as well as services such as those provided by doctors, repairmen, and police offices. These resources and goods are considered scarce because of society's tendency to demand more resources and goods than are available.

Most resources are scarce, but some are not — for example, the air we breathe. Its price is zero. It is called a free resource or good. Economics, however, is mainly concerned with scarce resources and goods, as scarcity motivated the study of how society allocates resources and goods.

The term market refers to any arrangement that allow people to trade with each other. The term market system refers to the collection of all markets, also to the relationships among these markets. The study of the market system, which is the subject of economics, is divided into two main theories; they are macroeconomics and microeconomics.

Macroeconomics

The prefix macro means large, indicating that macroeconomics is concerned with the study of the market system on a large scale. Macroeconomics considers the aggregate performance of all markets in me market system and is concerned with the choices made by the large subsectors of the economy — the household sector, which includes all consumers; the business sector, which includes all firms; and the government sector, which includes all government agencies.

Microeconomics

The prefix micro means small, indicating that microeconomics is concerned with the study of the market system on a small scale.

Microeconomics considers the individual markets that make up the market system and is concerned with the choices made by small economic units such as individual consumers, individual firms, on individual government agencies.

Answer the following questions.

1. What does the economics study?

2. What do the notion “resources” mean?

3. What do “resources” include?

4. Can you explain the notion “goods” in economics?

5. What does the term “market” refer to?

Приложение к контрольной работе № 4 Направление «Технология продукции и организация общественного питания»

TECHNOLOGY OF BREADMAKING

Bread is a valuable food. Excellent bread can be made with flour, yeast, salt and water other ingredients may be added, such as sugar, fat, eggs, milk, nuts and fruit.

There are two main methods of mixing dough: the “sponge and dough” method and the “straight” process.

In the sponge and dough method the yeast is first mixed with warm water and a small quantity of flour and the mixture is worked up into a kind of sponge. This mixture is then put aside and fermented for approximately 3-4 hours; more flour is then added, and all the ingredients are mechanically mixed and become dough. The dough is given a short fermentation period, after which it is run through various makeup equipment.

The straight method differs from the sponge and dough process in that that all ingredients are added at one time ant there is only one mixing stage and one fermentation period. The fermentation period for straight dough is approximately 2-3 hours.

The fermented dough is cut into pieces by a dividing machine. The dough pieces are taken to the next machine called a rounder. The function of this machine is to round the dough pieces into the form of a ball. The rounded dough balls are then subjected to a short fermentation period called intermediate proofing. After that a special moulding machine shapes the dough pieces into a loaf form. The moulded dough pieces undergo the final proofing in large chambers called proof boxes.

The last and the most important step in the production of bread is the baking process, which is performed in the ovens.

Answer the following questions.

1. What do you need for making bread?

2. What is the difference between sponge and dough and straight methods?

3. What does a) dividing machine do?

b) a rounder do?

c) a moulding machine do?

4. What is the most important step in the production of bread?