Приложение к контрольной работе № 4 Направление «Прикладная информатика»

MASTERS OF INVENTION

Nolan Bushnell born in 1943 is the father of home video games. He built Pong in 1972, starting the video-game craze that led to today's powerful super-systems.

During the 1950's and 1960's computers improved enormously. Still, only big businesses, universities and the military had them. Then in 1972 the videogame craze began.

Computers were scaled down to small boxes, using electronic cir­cuitry instead of the Mark I's switches. They could do more than ana­lyze data. They could play games.

The first big hit was -a simple game called Pong. Two players sat in front of a television screen where a "ball", a point of light bounced back and forth. Using knobs on a cabinet, the players could hit the ball with inch-long "paddles" on the screen.

Nolan Bushnell grew up near Salt Lake City, Utah. He loved to tinker with machines and became an electrical engineer. He played primitive computer games that were even older than Pong.

"I built it with my own two hands and a soldering iron", Bushnell said of his creation of the first Pong game.

In 1972 Bushnell founded Atari Inc. in Sunnyvale, Calif., to build Pong games. By 1975 there were 150,000 Pong games in American homes.

Steve Wozniak, born in 1950, and Steven Jobs, born in 1955, the young video game fanatics, working out of a garage, invented the Apple computer in 1976. The age of home computers was born.

One of Atari's early employees 19-year-old Steve Jobs and his friend, Steve Wozniak, who worked for another computer company, both loved video games.

Jobs and Wozniak dreamed of a personal computer, one that could do more than play games. From this dream, the Apple Computer Com­pany started in a family garage.

In 1977 Jobs and Wozniak sold their first Apple II, which launched the personal computer industry. By 1985 they had sold more than two million Apple IPS.

The Apple II was more than a toy. People could use it to write letters keep financial records and teach their children. And, yes, they could play games on it.

The Apple II evolved into today's high-tech Macintosh computers. These computers popularized the use of the mouse, the hand-controlled device that moves the cursor on a comput­er display.

Answer the following questions.

1. When were computers improved and how?

2. When did the videogame craze begin?

3. Can you explain the rules of a simple game called Pong?

4. What did Bushnell say about building of the game?

5. How many Pong game were there in American homes in 1475?

Приложение к контрольной работе № 4

Направление «Торговое дело»

WHY STUDY MARKETING ?

As a field of study, marketing is important to people, companies, and soci­ety at large.

• IMPORTANCE TO PEOPLE

An individual responds to marketing every time he or she buys a product. The fact that this product meets this person's needs, is effectively pro­moted, and is available at a convenient time and place attests to the effec­tiveness of the marketing system. The marketing field also offers career opportunities that are less affected by cyclical and economic fluctuations, and offers better opportunities than many other career paths for growth and advancement based on personal merit.

According to projections by the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics, employment will increase by between 21 and 35 percent by 2015 in such marketing fields as sales, public relations, advertising, marketing research, product management, and sales management. Starting salaries for graduates with marketing degrees was $33,873 in 2005- of approximately 600,000 marketing management positions in the United States in 2007, about 350,000 were sales managers, 200,000 marketing man­agers, 80,000 advertising and promotion managers, and 70,000 public rela­tions managers.

Following are median annual earnings in fields that employed the largest number of marketing managers and sales managers in 2011:

Marketing managers	Median Annual Earnings
Computer systems	$ 107,030
Management of companies	98,000
Insurance carries	86,810
Architectural, engineering firms	83,610

Sales Managers	Median Annual Earnings
Computer systems	$ 119,140
Wholesale electronics	101,930
Automobile dealers	97,460
Management of companies	95,410

• IMPORTANCE TO COMPANIES

As the firm's sole revenue-producing system (the two other major sys­tems—accounting-finance and production—apply revenues to operations), marketing generates income that is managed by financial people to gener­ate profits. By expanding sales and sales revenues, marketing helps to spread fixed costs over more units, thereby enhancing profit return.

• IMPORTANCE TO SOCIETY

In free-enterprise, market-driven economies, the marketing process, as the major force in creating mass markets, mass production, and mass distri­bution, also helps create high levels of business activity, increased invest­ment opportunities, and high employment. These statistics attest to marketing's productive role:

• More than 50 percent of every consumer dollar spent supports such marketing activities as advertising, personal selling, retailing, packag­ing, and transportation.

• About 45 percent of family expenditures is spent on services (health care, education, recreation, and the like) where the emphasis is on marketing rather than production activities.

• About 30 to 40 percent of people employed in the United States have jobs directly or indirectly related to marketing functions.

Answer the following questions.

1. When does an individual respond to marketing?

2. How many sales managers were there in the US in 1910?

3. What is the role of sales manager in generating profit?

4. Do managers help to create high level of business activity, don’t they?

5. What the share of family expenditure to spend on services?