Приложение к контрольной работе № 3 Направление «Государственное и муниципальное управление»

MUNICIPALITY

A municipality is usually an urban administration division having corporate status and usually powers of self-government. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term «municipality” is a generic term and can describe any political jurisdiction from a sovereign state, such as the Principality of Monaco, or a small village.

The territory of a municipality may encompass:

1. only one populated place such as a city, town or village,

2. several of such places (e.g., Municipalities of Mexico),

3. only parts of such places, sometimes boroughs of a city like the 34 municipalities of Santiago, Chile.

The power of a municipality range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state. Municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax, property tax and corporate income tax, but may also receive substantial funding from the state.

In various countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have democratically elected representation. Municipalities are sometimes referred to as “communes”.

In Canada, municipalities are local governments established through provincial and territorial legislation, usually within general municipal statutes. Types of municipalities within Canada include cities, district municipalities, municipal districts, parishes, rural municipalities, towns, townships, villas and villages among others.

In the United States, ”municipality” is usually understood as a city, town, village or other local government unit, formed by municipal charter from the state as a municipal corporation .In a state law context, some U.S. state codes define “municipality” wider, from the state itself to any political subdivisions.

In the United Kingdom, the term was used until 1974 in England and Wales, and until 1975 in Scotland and 1976 in Northern Ireland, “both for a city or town which is organized for self-government under a municipal corporation, and also for the governing body itself. Such corporation in Great Britain consists of a head as a major or provost, and of superior members, as aldermen and councilors. Since local government reorganization, the unit in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is known as a district, and in Scotland as a council area. A district may be awarded borough or city status.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a municipality?

2. On what territories may a municipality be formed?

3. What rights may municipalities have?

4. How is a municipality presented in various countries?

5. How is “municipality” understood in the United States?

6. Does the term “municipality” exist in the United Kingdom?

Приложение к контрольной работе № 3 Направление «Землеустройство и кадастры»

LAND ADMINISTRATION

Land administration is the way in which the rules of land tenure are applied and made operational. Land administration, whether formal or informal, comprises an extensive range of systems and processes to administer. The processes of land administration include the transfer of rights in land from one party to another through sale, lease, loan, gift and inheritance; the regulating of land and property development; the use and conservation of the land; the gathering of revenues from the land through sales, leasing and taxation; and the resolving of conflicts concerning the ownership and the use of land. Land administration functions may be divided into four components: juridical, regulatory, fiscal and information management. These functions of land administration may be organized in terms of agencies responsible for surveying and mapping, land registration and land valuation. The purpose and scope of this knowledge domain appear from the following introducing notes in the Guidelines.

These Guidelines define land administration as the process whereby land and the information about land may be effectively managed. They are mainly written for senior governmental staff and politicians engaged in land administration issues. The aim is to outline the benefit o having a relevant and reliable land information system in place. The Guidelines identify the factors that should be taken into account in developing the legislation, organization, databases and maps, as well as the funding mechanisms, required to implement and maintain a solid land administration system.

An early example of use of the notion of land administration is a 1973 Seminar on Land Administration in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Land administration arrangements were charted in a1985 paper by Holstein, Mc Laughlin, and Nichols, and the Department of Lands and Surveys, Western Australia changed name in 1986 to Department of Land Administration. The UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) in 1996 published Land Administration Guidelines with special Reference to Countries in Transition, and the Dale & McLaughlin textbook on Land Information Management from 1988 was in 1999 succeeded by the textbook Land Administration.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the definition of land administration?

2. What do the processes of land administration include?

3. How are the functions of land administration organized?

4. What components do land administration functions consist of?

5. When did the notion of land administration come into use?