MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY

Air Transportation Management Department

Term paper

In the course of transport geography

entitled

“Route design for the following points:

1. Spain

1. USA( pacific)

2. Israel

3. Greece

4. Gabon

5. vietnam

6. Brazil

Completed by	Student_Olena Taranenko_ Group FML ATM___106__a Credit Book №__________
Revised by	Matiychyk A.M.

KYIV 2015

Initial data

Departure Date	Departure		Time Spent		General Country/ City		Guest Countries/ Cities
	GMT/ UTC	Local Time
				

Spain

Capital	Madrid
Area	505,990 km2
Population(Nationalities,Amount)	Spaniards,46,464,053
Official Language	Spanish
Religion	Roman Catholicism
State Rule	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Currency	Euro

Transport system in Spain

Transport in Spain is characterised by an extensive network of roads, railways, rapid transit, air routes, and ports. Its geographic location makes it an important link between Europe, Africa, and the New World. Major forms of transit generally radiate from the capital, Madrid, located in the centre of the country, to link with the capitals of the autonomous communities.

Railway transport

Spanish transit is marked by a high degree of integration between its long distance railway system and inner-city metro systems, although the historic use of broad gauge has limited integration with its neighbours. Spain is currently working to increase and improve linkage with the rail systems of France and Portugal, including high-speed rail between Madrid and Lisbon.

Spain possesses a highly developed highway system, with both tolled and freeways. Most railways are operated by RENFE; narrow gauge lines are operated by FEVE and other carriers in individual autonomous communities. It is proposed to build or convert more standard gauge lines, including some dual gauging of broad gauge lines, especially where these lines link to adjacent countries. A high-speed rail line (AVE) between Madrid and Seville was completed in 1992. In 2003, high-speed service was inaugurated on a new line from Madrid to Lleida and extended to Barcelona in 2008. The same year, lines from Madrid to Valladolid and from Córdoba to Málaga were inaugurated. In 2010, AVE line Madrid-Cuenca-Valencia was inaugurated. In December 2003, Morocco and Spain agreed to explore the construction of an undersea rail tunnel across the Strait of Gibraltar, to connect their rail systems. The total route length in 14,781 km (8,791 km electrified)

Road transport

The first-class motorways in Spain are called autopistas and autovías. There are also many national roads. The Spanish motorway network is the fifth largest in the world by length, after the United States, China, Russia and Canada. There are 16,204 km (10,069 mi) of High Capacity Roads in the country. There are two main types of such roads, autopistas and autovías, which historically differed in the strictness of the standards they are held up to. Most of the high capacity roads in Spain are under the authority of the General Roads Directorate. All Spanish motorways were uniformly renamed with the following criteria:

1. Interurban motorways are named "A-" plus two numbers, except for the six radial roads stemming from Madrid which are named A-1 through A-6. An exception to this naming rule is the radial autopistas R-2 through R-5

2. Beltways are named with a one or two letter code identifying the city they orbit, plus two digits indicative of the general distance. For example, the M-50 is further from the city of Madrid than the M-40.

3. City access motorways are named similarly to beltways, like TO-21 for a freeway leaving the A-40 towards Toledo.

4. Tolled roads add a "P" before the dash, and must be clearly identified as such in road signs.

Air transport

Air traffic is routed through several international and regional airports, the largest of which is Barajas International Airport in Madrid. Air passengers carried include both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country. Airports with paved runways :96. Airports with unpaved runways:61. Airlines based in Spain: Iberia Airlines, Air Europa, Iberworld, Pullmantur Airlines, Vueling Airlines, Binter Canarias, Pyrenair, Islas Arways.

Waterways

There are 1,045 km of waterways, but they have minor economic importance. Ferry services operate regular routes to many ports on the North African shore, as well as the autonomous communities and cities of the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla.