7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.

1. Since the 18^th century, various scientific theories have been advanced / achieved / expanded to explain crime.

2. The oldest fairy tale / story / theory, based on theology and ethics, is that criminals are perverse persons who deliberately commit  crimes  or who do so at the instigation of the devil or other evil spirits.

3. Some investigators still hold, however, that specific abnormalities of the brain and of the endocrine system help to / contribute to / brought to a person's inclination toward criminal activity.

4. An understanding of the way / the causes / the method of crime is still elusive, however, because the interrelationship of causes is difficult to determine.

5. Experts incline / sure / doubt to so-called multiple factor, or multiple causation theories.

8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.

1. Everyone knows why crime occurs.

2. The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, is that criminals are perverse persons who deliberately commit crimes or who do so at the instigation of the devil or other evil spirits.

3. One of the first efforts to explain crime on scientific, rather than theological, grounds was made at the end of the 18th century by the French physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall, who tried to establish relationships between skull structure and criminal proclivities.

4. Goring's comparative study of jailed criminals and law-abiding persons established that so-called criminal types, with innate dispositions to crime, do exist.

5. Some investigators still hold, however, that specific abnormalities of the brain and of the endocrine system contribute to a person's inclination toward criminal activity.

6. Many prominent criminologists of the 19th century, particularly those associated with the Socialist movement, attributed crime mainly to the influence of poverty.

7. Good living conditions engender feelings of deprivation and hopelessness and are conducive to crime as a means of escape.

8. Some theorists relate the incidence of   crime to the general state of a culture, especially the impact of economic crises, wars, and revolutions and the general sense of insecurity and up rootedness to which these forces give rise.

9. An understanding of the causes of crime is still elusive, however, because the interrelationship of causes is difficult to determine.

9. Translate from Russian into English using the words and word combinations from Unit I.

Почему люди совершают преступления? Несмотря на разнообразные общественные меры, направленные на побуждение граждан следовать установленным законам и правилам, множество людей ежедневно их нарушают. Нередко бывает трудно понять, почему вполне обычные с виду люди вдруг совершают серьезное преступление. Чаще всего это психически здоровые личности, в том числе дети и подростки. Социальные условия играют определенную роль в происхождении противоправного поведения. К ним, прежде всего, относятся различные общественные процессы. Это, например, слабость власти и несовершенство законодательства, социальные катаклизмы и низкий уровень жизни. Некоторые люди совершают преступления, потому что в нынешнем обществе потребления подавляющее большинство любой ценой стремится к доходу, благополучию и успеху. Некоторым людям, так или иначе «отодвинутым в сторону» от общественных благ, трудно достичь желанных целей легальным путем.