- •Ростов-на-Дону
- •Государственное казенное образовательное учреждение
- •Ростов-на-Дону
- •Unit 1. Classification of Crimes Text 1
- •Read the text to answer the questions below:
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Speak on different types of crimes, using the following clichés:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •11. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •12. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets as in the example:
- •13. Open the brackets, using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •1. Read the text to answer the questions below:
- •Why crimes occur
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps, using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Translate from Russian into English using the words and word combinations from Unit I.
- •10. No one knows exactly why crimes occur. Write a short essay suggesting your point of view. Use the following clichés:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •11. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •12. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets as in the example:
- •13. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •R ead the text to divide it into logical parts
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Is it necessary to be a law-abiding citizen? Why? Make up monologues to present it for your group. Use the following clichés:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •10. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood .
- •11. Complete the sentences with words in brackets as in the example:
- •12. Open the brackets, using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •O rganized Crime
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents for the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 6.
- •7. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •12. Open the brackets, using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Read the text to give the definition of the words in bold and answer the questions below:
- •Felony and Misdemeanour
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false? Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Read the text again to fill in the gaps.
- •11. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •12. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets as in the example:
- •13. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Unit 2. Types of Crimes Text 1
- •R ead the text to divide it into logical parts. Give the definitions of the words in bold. Use the vocabulary if necessary. Murder
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 6.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Read the text again to fill in the gaps.
- •1 0. Compare degrees of murder and punishment. Write a short essay, using the following clichés:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •11. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •Change the sentences as in the example.
- •1. Read the text to divide it into logical parts. Give the definitions of the words in bold. Use the vocabulary if necessary. Manslaughter
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •Find the English equivalents for the following words and phrases:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Read the text again to fill in the gaps.
- •11. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •12. Open the brackets as in the example:
- •Read the text to divide it into logical parts. A rson
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false? Make the false sentences true.
- •9 . Make up dialogues about the consequences of arson. Use the information given below:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •10. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •11. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •12. Answer the questions using the information given in brackets. Use the Subjunctive Mood, as in the example:
- •Read the text to give the definitions of words in bold. Use the vocabulary if necessary.
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 6.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Find information about punishment for theft, burglary and trespass in different countries. Present it in the form of report or presentation to the other students of your group. Focus on Grammar
- •10. Translate from Russian unto English, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •11. Make one sentence from the two ones. Use the Subjunctive Mood as in the example.
- •1. Read the text to divide it into logical parts. Give the definitions of the words in bold. Use the vocabulary if necessary. The Сrime of Passion in Law
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true:
- •8. Read the text again to fill in the gaps.
- •9. How should the offenders who committed crimes of passion be punished? Present your answers to your group in the form of dialogues. Use the following clichés:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •10. Translate from Russian into English, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •11. Open the brackets using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •12. Translate from English into Russian.
- •Read the text to answer the questions below
- •What crimes does magistrate’s court deal with?
- •Is there any difference between stipendiary magistrates and lay magistrates? c riminal Procedure in England
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •8. Read the text again to fill in the gaps.
- •9. Find information about criminal procedures in different countries. Work in small groups. Present your information in the form of the report or presentation. Focus on Grammar
- •10. Translate from English into Russian, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •11. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •1. Read the text to answer the questions below
- •C riminal Procedure in the United States
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •8. Read the text again to fill in the gaps.
- •10. Translate from English into Russian, using the Subjunctive Mood.
- •11. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Read the text again to fill in the gaps.
- •10. Write a short essay about what should be the purpose of prisons. Use the following clichés:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •11. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •12. Complete the sentences using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood, as it is shown in the example.
- •1. Read the text to answer the questions below:
- •Treatment of Criminals
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Read the text again to fill in the gaps
- •10. Arrange the following list of offences in a particular order. Discuss your choice in pairs.
- •Focus on Grammar
- •11. Complete the sentences using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood, as it is shown in the example.
- •12. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •1 . Read the text to answer the questions below:
- •Capital Punishment: For and Against
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from exercise 5.
- •7. Choose the correct word to make the sentence complete.
- •8. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •9. Read the text again to fill in the gaps
- •10. Translate from Russian into English.
- •11. The abolition of capital punishment is still a debatable question. Agree or disagree with the opinion, expressed in the exercise 9. Use the following clichés:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •11. Show regret for something as it is shown in the example. Begin the sentences with I wish…
- •12. Translate from Russian into English using the necessary form of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •Unit 4. Law of Tort Text 1
- •1. Read text a about the law of torts to answer the questions below.
- •Tort Law
- •2. Read text a again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Put the words in bold from text a into the gaps below to make sentences.
- •6. Match left and right to make a word combination:
- •7. Here is a list of some important areas of law. Read what the lawyers say about the work they do. Match the lawyer with the correct area of law.
- •8. Before reading text b learn the following words and phrases which are essential on the topic:
- •9 . Scan text b above and give a name to it. Give the definitions to the words in bold. Use the vocabulary below if necessary:
- •10. Read text b again to answer the following questions:
- •11. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •12. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •13. Match left and right to make a word combination:
- •14. Form the corresponding verbs from the following nouns, translate them into Russian:
- •15. Fill in the gaps, using the necessary words from Text a and b.
- •16. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true.
- •Focus on Grammar
- •17. Open the brackets to use the verbs in appropriate form.
- •18. Open the brackets to use the verbs in appropriate form.
- •19. Read the text above and choose words and word combinations from the box to fill in the gaps.
- •1. Read the text to divide it into logical parts. Give a name to each part.
- •2. Read Text 2 again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match left and right to make a word combination:
- •6. Read Text 2 again to fill in the gaps with prepositions, use the combinations in italics to make up sentences:
- •7. Use the text to give definitions to the following terms:
- •8. Use the following definitions to denote a term:
- •9. Use the text to find antonyms to the following words and combinations:
- •10. Read the text above and choose words and word combinations from the box to fill in the gaps. Answer the questions above the following text.
- •Slander and Libel
- •Focus on Grammar
- •11. Open the brackets to use the verbs in appropriate form. Use the Conditionals.
- •12. Translate into English using I wish.
- •13. Translate the following text into English.
- •N egligence Defenses
- •2. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •3. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •4. Match left and right to make a word combination:
- •5. Match left and right to make a sentence:
- •6. Match the words from the right column with their definitions from the left column.
- •7. Decide which sentences are true and which are false. Make the false sentences true:
- •8. Read Text 3 again to fill in the gaps.
- •Focus on Grammar
- •9. Translate into English using different types of Conditionals:
- •10. Translate into English using I wish:
- •11. Read Text 2 and Text 3 again. Be ready to talk on one of the following topics:
- •12. Make up your own dialogue on the case:
- •1. Scan the text and be ready to talk on different types of negligence. Negligence and its Types
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •7. Read the text above and choose words and word combinations from the box to fill in the gaps. Answer the questions above the following text.
- •8. Translate the following text into English. Use Vocabulary notes for Text 4 and Text 2 if necessary.
- •9. Speaking. Read Text 4 again and decide how to solve the problem:
- •10. Answer the questions to review Unit 4:
- •11. Use your knowledge and apply the law of torts to the following situations:
- •12. Read different types of product warnings. Decide how their absence can be used to sue a tort. Give some other examples of product warnings.
- •1. Read an extract from the Customs Code of the Customs Union and translate it into Russian. Use a vocabulary behind the text.
- •2. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •3. Find the English equivalents to the following sentences:
- •4. Match left and right to make a word combination:
- •5. Match left and right to make a sentence, translate it into Russian:
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words from Text 1.
- •Focus on Grammar
- •7. Match the columns below to make sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs, paying attention to the Complex Subject. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •8. Rewrite the following sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •1 . Scan the text and give a name to each paragraph. Use a vocabulary below. Make a review of the text.
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following sentences in Text 2:
- •5. Match left and right to make a word combination:
- •6. Match left and right part to make a sentence, translate it into Russian:
- •7. Read Text 2 again to fill in the gaps.
- •Focus on Grammar
- •8. Remake the following sentences using the Complex Object:
- •9. Translate from Russian into English using the Complex Object:
- •1. Scan the text and give a name to each paragraph. Use a vocabulary below. Make a review of the text. Rights and Responsibilities of the Customs of India
- •2. Read Text 3 again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Match left and right to make a word combination:
- •7. Read the text below and choose words and word combinations from the box to fill in the gaps. Translate the text into Russian.
- •Focus on Grammar
- •8. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Rewrite them using the verb in brackets and:
- •9. Translate from Russian into English using the Complex Subject.
- •1. Scan the text and give a name to each paragraph. Use a vocabulary below. Make a review of the text. Smuggling and Other Violations and Indian Customs Penal Provisions
- •2. Read the text again to answer the following questions:
- •3. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian:
- •4. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •5. Match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.
- •6. Match left and right to make a word combination:
- •Focus on Grammar
- •7. Translate from Russian into English using the Complex Object.
- •8. Translate from Russian into English using the Complex Subject.
- •9. Answer the questions to review Unit 5:
- •Additional Reading Text 1
- •1. Read the text and choose the best answer to each question.
- •Class Action Lawsuits
- •2. Find information using the Internet resources and comment on the case which constitutes both a crime and a tort. Text 2
- •1. Read the text and choose the best answer to each question.
- •Liability Without Fault
- •Competitive Torts
- •2. Read the text again and choose the best answer to each question:
- •Заключение
- •Список используемой литературы.
- •Электронные источники
- •Http://www maciaglaw.Com
10. Translate into English using I wish:
1. Он пожалел, что бросил учиться на юриста.
2. Жаль, что уже поздно идти туда.
3. Если бы я пришел на брифинг вовремя!
4. Жаль, что вы не читали его отчет.
5. Жаль, что она делает так много ошибок в речи! Это негативно сказывается на ее репутации поверенного.
6. Жаль, что вы не побывали на его выступлении.
7. Жаль, что я узнал об этом так поздно.
8. Жаль, что мы не застали подозреваемого дома.
9. Она сожалела, что не рассказала нам об этом происшествии раньше.
10. Хорошо бы вам присудили денежную компенсацию в качестве наказания, но не заключение.
11. Read Text 2 and Text 3 again. Be ready to talk on one of the following topics:
1. Differentiate between the objectives of tort law and those of criminal law.
2. Discuss the element of duty and explain how duties relate to rights.
3. Identify the principal intentional torts and outline the elements of each.
4. Determine the four elements of negligence.
5. Contrast contributory negligence, comparative negligence, and assumption of the risk.
12. Make up your own dialogue on the case:
Prove that the plaintiff died of lung cancer caused by smoking the defendant's cigarettes or that plaintiff's scalp rash was caused by the defendant hair dye.
The plaintiff must:
1) disclose that the breach of warranty was the cause «in fact»
2) show, that the «breach of the warranty was the proximate cause of the loss sustained».
The lawyer must prove a sufficiently close causal connection to convince the court that it ought to be defined as proximate.
Use the following phrases:
Everybody stand up! Trial begins! – Всем встать! Суд идет!
Overruled! – Протест отклонен!
Objection! – Протестую!
(Objection) sustained! – Протест принят!
Received! – Принимается!
I have no further questions! – Вопросов больше нет!
I call your attention! – Прошу обратить внимание!
Call the next witness! – Пригласите следующего свидетеля!
Please, proceed! – Пожалуйста, продолжайте!
To indict smb on/ to accuse smb of – Обвинять кого-то в чем-либо
I would like to make an open statement! – Я хочу сделать открытое заявление!
Let’s examine a witness! – Давайте допросим свидетеля!
The plaintiff wants to testify! – Истец хочет дать показания!
Text 4
1. Scan the text and be ready to talk on different types of negligence. Negligence and its Types
Most people do not intentionally inflict harm on others. However, a person who causes injury to another without intending to do so, can be liable for the tort of negligence which is the broadest area of liability for the unintentional infliction of harm and the most common tort. Negligence is based upon a person's failure to exercise sufficient or due care in his or her conduct for the protection of other people when there is a foreseeable risk of harm to them. Intent is not required in this kind of tort, only carelessness. The tort of negligence may be illustrated by the following comparison. A person who intentionally drives a car into a pedestrian is liable for a battery. One who carelessly drives a car at an excessive rate of speed and cannot stop it in time to avoid a collision with pedestrian commits negligence.
Like
in other torts to establish negligence, a plaintiff must prove four
elements:
- duty - the defendant owed a duty to exercise care for the protection of the plaintiff;
- breach of duty - the defendant failed to exercise due care, i.e., breached the duty owed to the plaintiff;
- causation - the defendant's breach of duty was the actual and proximate cause of the plaintiffs damages;
- damages - the plaintiff suffered actual loss or damage.
The first element of negligence is the duty of care, which requires that a person acts with the care and good judgment of a reasonable person so as not to cause injury to others. In general, the common law imposes a duty of care whenever a person's conduct creates a foreseeable risk of harm to others. For example, if a person cuts down a large tree in his backyard, it may fall on his neighbour's house. Because his actions create a risk of property damage or personal injuries, he is under a duty to exercise due care for the protection of his neighbour. By contrast, a farmer who cuts down a tree would not have a duty to exercise due care for the protection of a neighbour who lives several miles away, because the farmer's action does not create a foreseeable risk of harm to the neighbour's person or property.
There are, however, some individuals to whom a different degree of care is applied. Generally children under seven years of age are presumed incapable of negligence. Older children are only required to act with that care which a reasonable child of like age, intelligence, and experience would act. If, however, a child undertakes an adult activity, such as driving a car, the child is held to the adult standard.
The plaintiff must show that the defendant breached the duty. A breach of duty owed to the victim occurs if the tortfeasor has not met the appropriate standard of care under the circumstances. To determine if the tortfeasor has met the standard of care, the court uses the so-called reasonable person test: the actions of the tortfeasor are compared with those of a reasonable person in a similar situation. This test is considered to be objective.
To hold the tortfeasor liable, the plaintiff must prove that the tortfeasor's negligence was the cause of personal injury or property damage. Sometimes the cause is obvious, as where the tortfeasor carelessly drives a car and hits the plaintiff. But at other times, determining the cause of an injury is more difficult.
The negligent conduct must be the actual cause of the plaintiff's injury. A plaintiff establishes actual cause by proving that the injury would not have occurred without the negligence of the defendant. If the plaintiff's injury would have occurred without the defendant's negligence, the negligence is not the actual cause of the injury. Dan drives his car knowing that it has defective brakes. A child suddenly darts directly in front of the car and Dan's car strikes and injures the child. If Dan would have hit the child even if the car had good brakes, his negligence is not the actual cause of the child's injury.
When the amount of causation is great enough for it to be recognized by the law, it is called proximate cause. Generally proximate cause exists when there is the connection between the unreasonable conduct and the resulting harm that is it is foreseeable that a particular breach of duty will result in a particular injury.
The harm suffered as a consequence of another's negligence may be physical (personal injuries) or economic (financial loss or property damage). In a personal injury case, for example, the plaintiff may recover damages for lost wages, permanent disabilities, and pain and suffering.
The courts are reluctant to award damages where the plaintiff's injury is limited only to mental distress. The major objection to recovery for negligent infliction of emotional distress is the danger of fictitious claims. In this case the courts permit the plaintiff to recover damages for negligently inflicted emotional distress only if the defendant's act caused immediate physical consequences to the plaintiff, such as a nervous disorder, or caused mental distress followed by physical consequences.
At common law, there were two major defenses to the tort of negligence: contributory negligence and assumption of the risk. However today courts have adopted a system of comparative negligence under which damages are apportioned according to the relative fault of the parties.
The doctrine of contributory negligence involves the failure of the plaintiff to exercise due care for his or her own safety which becomes a contributing cause of the plaintiff's own injury. At common law, contributory negligence was a complete bar to plaintiffs recovery - a negligent defendant was not liable to the plaintiff if plaintiff was in any way contributory at fault. However, the courts have developed exceptions and modifications to eliminate some of the harsh consequences of the rule. Thus a negligent plaintiff can recover damages from the defendant if the defendant had an opportunity to avoid the accident by exercising reasonable care but failed to do so. For example, a pedestrian who carelessly walks across a street can hold a negligent driver liable if the defendant had the last clear chance to avoid the accident.
Another defense to negligence is assumption of the risk, which involves the voluntary exposure of the victim to a known risk.
The doctrine of comparative negligence requires courts to weigh the relative degree of wrongdoing in awarding damages, and to assign damages according to the degree of fault of each party. Instead of being able to recover nothing, the plaintiff is awarded damages that are reduced in proportion to the extent of the plaintiffs own negligence. Comparative negligence requires the judge or jury to determine the relative fault of the parties and apportion damages between the plaintiff and the defendant according to the fault of each. Thus, if the defendant is found to be 75 percent at fault and the plaintiff is found to be 25 percent at fault, the plaintiff will recover only 75 percent of his or her monetary damages.
Notes
foreseeable risk – предвиденный риск
causation – причинность, каузация (действие, приводящее к результату)
actual cause – фактическая, действительная причина
good judgment – рассудительность
reasonable person – здравомыслящий человек
to hold the tortfeasor liable – обязывать правонарушителя нести ответственность
consequence of smth – последствие чего-л.
contributory negligence – встречная вина, вина потерпевшего в форме небрежности
comparative negligence – совместная вина, относительная небрежность
assumption of the risk – принятие на себя риска
to be a complete bar to smth – являться абсолютным препятствием чему-л.
to be at fault – быть виноватым
exposure to a known risk – подвержение известному риску
to weigh the relative degree of wrongdoing – взвесить, оценить относительную степень тяжести правонарушения
to apportion damages between smb according to the fault – распределять ущерб соразмерно степени вины
